A&P Test 1 Flashcards
Form fits
function
What is physiology?
The study of all of the processes that make life happen.
What is homeostasis?
The maintaining of near constant conditions.
About how many cells do we have in our body?
35 trillion
About how many of the body’s cells are Red blood cells?
25 trillion
what goes in must
come out
What are some examples of waste products in the body?
Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen ions, solid waste, water, urea, heat
what is considered the internal environment when talking about homeostasis?
The Extracellular Fluid
Describe negative feedback?
A sensor goes off in the periphery and sends information to the controller about what is tripping the sensor. Then, the controller acts in order to do the opposite of what is tripping the sensor so as to reach homeostasis again.
Give examples of negative feedback
1.The temperature in a house rises above the set limit of 80F and the AC kicks on.
2. You have an increase in CO2 so you hyperventilate.
3. Your map drops so the sympathetic outflow increases.
4. Your map drops so your parasympathetic outflow decreases.
5. Your map drops so you produce more AVP/ADH
6. Your map drops so you produce less ANP
Systems that are important to our survival typically have
More sensors and systems involved in keeping homeostasis.
What is a normal example of positive feedback?
Oxytocin production and increase during labor & delivery
Blood clotting pathways
what is a vicious cycle?
When positive feedback is out of control and it’s pathologic
what are some examples of pathologic positive feedback?
- sepsis/necrosis
- severe acidosis
- Severe hemorrhage
- diabetic renal inflammation/hyperfiltration
5.atherosclerotic plaque clotting - peripheral acidotic conditions
Does the body effect anesthesia?
Yes! An unhealthy person won’t respond to anesthesia the same way a healthy person would.
Does anesthetics effect the body?
Yes! Giving anesthetics essentially takes the CNS system offline
What is the smallest living unit?
the cell
what does a collection of cells create?
a tissue
What does a collection of tissues create?
an organ
What does a collection of organs create?
A body
If cells themselves are not able to replicate, what does it for them?
A nearby progenitor tissue
i.e. bone marrow creates RBC
how often does a RBC need to be regenerated?
90-120 days
Cells are usually specialized to do what?
their assigned, specific task i.e. skin to create a barrier, lung cells for gas exchange
Are cells self sufficient?
Yes. The cell generates all of it’s own energy and can usually replicate on their own. (not always i.e. rbc)
What does the cell wall consist of?
A phospholipid bilayer
Which part of the phospholipid is charged?
the head
Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?
the tail
How much of most average cells is composed of water?
70-75%
What is an example of a cell that doesn’t have a lot of water in it? 5-10% water
A lipid cell
what is the fluid part of the inside of a cell called?
cytoplasm
List the “machinery” of a cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
-Nucleus
—Nucleolus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
vesicles
which part of the cell houses DNA?
the Nucleus
what is the nucleus’s wall made of?
a double phospholipid bilayer
what are the openings in the nuclear envelope called?
Pores
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
Produces proteins and fats
Storage of things like calcium and proteins
which part of the ER produce protein?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum
What makes the RER or granular ER rough/granular?
the Ribosomes
What do ribosomes do?
take genetic instructions from the nucleus and translates them into proteins by stringing amino acids
Why is the SER smoothe?
it does not have ribosomes
what does the SER do?
produces lipids
what does the Golgi Apparatus do?
it modifies proteins to perform their future function
what transports proteins within the cell?
vesicles
How do cells get secretory proteins outside of the cell?
The proteins are packaged in secretory vesicles and then moved to the cell wall where it binds with the cell membrane and moves the proteins through the wall to the outside
How are the phospholipids in the cell wall oriented?
Like a PB sandwich, with the charged heads lined up on the outside like bread and the hydrophobic tails on the inside like pb
How is the cell wall orientation helpful?
It creates a really large barrier, with the oily tails creating another obstacle for charged, water loving things to cross
What helps get water loving, charged molecules into the cell?
proteins
What is a protein made of?
A string of amino acids
What is produced when DNA that encodes a protein is transcribed?
RNA is produced
What are the steps from DNA transcription to protein completion?
DNA, housed in the nucleus, are transcribed to RNA
RNA passes through the nucleus wall and goes into the ER
The ER’s ribosomes participate in translation and link amino acids together, creating protein.
Transport vesicles take whatever proteins that are still not finished and send them to the Golgi Apparatus
What are some examples of organelles?
Transport vesicles
secretory vesicles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is oxidation?
When something bonds with oxygen
*think rusting iron
What is an enzyme?
A protein that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction
How do you know if a protein is an enzyme?
It ends in -ase
What is filament?
A protein that is used for cell wall structure
What are sugars used for in a cell?
energy
structural
identification
Where are sugars found in a cell?
stuck to proteins found within a cell wall, poking out of the cell well.
What are proteins with a sugar stuck to it called?
Glycoprotein
What do cells use to stick together and create tissues?
Glycoproteins
What does the mitochondria do?
It helps us efficiently produce ATP from energy compounds and oxygen
What does a peroxisome do?
Processes and breaks down toxins within the cell by oxidation reactions
i.e. alcohol in the liver
What do lysosomes do?
Break down proteins inside the cell by creating a very acidic environment and “pulling them apart”
