A&P Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is one reason that skeletal muscle is important (big picture)

A

regulate body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the largest container within the body?

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does every skeletal muscle have 1 motor neuron?

A

yes, but some can have more than 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an example of a skeletal muscles that has multiple motor neurons?

A

ocular muscle in the eye socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can excite a motor neuron cell body?

A

descending spinal pathways sent from the brain
or
reflex arc from the horizontal spinal sensory neurons in the posterior horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If we have a strong pain signal coming into the spinal cord what can get involved?

A

reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a group of muscle cells called?

A

a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

some motor neurons can control 1 cell, or

A

multiple called a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the contractile elements of skeletal muscle?

A

actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are actin and myosin typically arranged?

A

in a tube-like structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum in a skeletal muscle called?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum
SR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ca++ storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a transverse tubule?

A

a perpendicular in-folding “tube” where action potentials can move lengthwise and deep into the skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long can a skeletal muscle cell be?

A

over a foot long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do action potentials start?

A

at the NMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

We are going to assume for now that there is a process that basically allows Ca++ to be freed from it’s storage locations in the SR then we’ll assume that the Ca++ is able to

A

drive actin and myosin cross bridge cycling which causes a contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in a contraction the muscle

A

shortens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the zebra pattern on a skeletal muscle?

A

the alignment of actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ca++ entry into the neuron is the result of what?

A

an action potential that passes through the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is mitochondria typically found?

A

in the specialty areas of the NMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is situation next to an AChr in the skeletal muscle?

A

a lot of fast sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a primary and secondary cleft in the skeletal muscle?

A

a single in-folding in the skeletal muscle near the NMJ

more than one in-folding in the skeletal muscle near the NMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is AChE created and found?

A

expressed by the skeletal muscle and bound to the skeletal muscle at the NMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does AChE use to break ACh down?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is ACh broken down into?
Acetate OR Acetyl OR Acetic acid? (pharm) choline
26
What happens to Acetyle and choline after it is broken down by AChE?
It gets reabsorbed into the neuron to be used again
27
Where are schwann cell bodies found?
on the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton)
28
How many ACh receptors do we have in a typical NMJ?
5 million
29
How many ACh receptors are activated in a typical synaptic response?
500,000 or 10%
30
What is the bare minimum ACh that has to be released to create an AP? How much is actually released?
1 million 2 million
31
where was curare first discovered?
in the rainforest used to paralyze prey. its a natural paralytic
32
What is involved in exocytosis?
SNAP-25 SNARE proteins
33
How do skeletal muscles sense a fast sodium channel-mediated action potential?
through voltage sensors in the cell wall or T-tubule called Dihydropyridine
34
What does the DHP receptor do to contribute to a contraction?
they open the Ca++ release channels and let Ca++ flood out
35
Some calcium channel blockers are called
dihydropyridine ca++ channel blockers
36
What is the tubule called that follows the primary infolding?
a t-tubule
37
Where does most of the Ca++ come into the skeletal muscle cell and what accounts for a smaller portion of Ca++ coming into the cell?
the SR the DHP sensors
38
What is another name of the calcium release channel on the SR?
Ryanodine receptor RyR Odd because it just happens to open to a chemical called ryanodine, but the DHP sensor is physically attached to it which isn't receptor like
39
How does Ca++ get put back into the SR?
through the SERCA pump Sarcoendoplasmic reticular ATPase
40
Skeletal muscle: Excitation Contraction Coupling steps.
Motor neuron depolarizes (AP from brain or reflex arc) Ca++ influx into motor neuron through VG P-Type Ca++ channels Ca++ makes ACh vesicles fuse to the presynaptic neural cell wall/membrane ACh exocytosis ACh interacts with nACh receptors Na+ comes in, some Ca++ comes in Positive influx generates end plate potential EPP (local depolarization) EPP in a physiological setting ALWAYS causes an action potential in skeletal muscle AP spreads down the muscle fibers in both directions via VG Na+ channels Muscle depolarization sensed by DHP sensors DHP pulls on RyR= Ca++ released from SR Ca++ tucked back away in SR via SERCA
41
What is the fluid called on the inside of a skeletal muscle cell?
sarcoplasm
42
What does a muscle cell depend on to stop contracting?
Ca++ being tucked back into the SR via the SERCA pump
43
Choline gets recycled by
ATPase pump secondary active transporter that uses Na+ going into the cell with a choline going into the cell
44
Acetyl recycling _____, but we know that acetate comes from
isn't well understood the mitochondria
45
there are a lot of mitochondria found within the neuron to do what?
serve as a source for acetate provides energy for the ion channels in the neuron
46
Where can extra choline be stored?
in the cell wall- phosphatidylcholine
47
Leak channels are found in the cell wall of any
excitable tissue
48
Potassium leaks out of the cell during repolarization, and therefore has to be pumped back into the cell. This isn't a big deal because it is only pumped out
for a short amount of time. Comes in through Na+/K+ pump
49
Where are actin and myosin located?
near the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca++ gets released from the SR and then causes a cross-bridge cycling and muscle contraction
50
Do we need vg k+ channels to help reset the cell?
Not really because there are so many K+ leak channels. The VG K+ channels do speed up this process though
51
What is myasthenia Gravis?
An autoimmune response where the body makes antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
52
How do antibodies play a role in MG?
The antibodies park themselves on the nAChr and call the immune system to come in and destroy the receptors. It then scars over the clefts, taking away the surface area that would normally hold nAChr as well as fast Na+ channels
53
What causes MG
a confused thymus gland
54
MG gets worse or better over the course of the day?
worse
55
What are the treatments for MG?
removing of the thymus plasmapheresis(very non-specific) AChE inhibitors
56
What is an example of an AChE inhibitor?
-stigmine drug
57
Lamburt Edom or ELMS is a condition usually caused by
paraneoplastic like lung cancer
58
ELMS is pretty specific for what type of neuron?
motor neuron
59
How does ELMS work?
Antibodies park themselves on the opening's of P-type Ca++ channels causing a decrease in Ca++ that's allowed to influx into the cell. No Ca++ = no contraction
60
Why won't AChE work for LEMS or ELMS?
There's no ACh to break down because Ca++ is not allowed into the cell
61
What are the treatment options for ELMS or LEMS?
plasmapheresis removal of lung tumor block K+ channels, Leak
62
Why are K+ channel blockers dangerous?
they are not specific for Motor neurons, they work pretty much everywhere, like in the heart
63
How does K+ channel blockers work?
They keep the VG K+ channels closed which makes the cell depolarized longer, (because P-Type Ca++ channels open with depolarization and close with repolarization) which allows ACh to work at the NMJ longer
64
What are K+ channel blocking drugs?
TEA Tetraethylammionium 4-5 diaminopurine
65
curare is a
nAChr blocker non-depolarizing muscle relaxant
66
Succs is made of
2 acetylcholines stuck together
67
Succs binds to nAChr, and causes
prolonged receptor opening
68
Succs initially causes a
depolariztion- twitching
69
why can't AChE break down succs?
It is very specific for regular ACh
70
Because succs binds to the nAChr and keeps them open, Na+ keeps coming in. This makes it very difficult for what
the VG Na+ channels to reset
71
Where are the inactivation gates on Na+ channels?
the bottom
72
If all of our fast Na+ channels are stuck in the inactive state then they are essentially
paralyzed
73
Why does the rest of the cell reset when the NMJ is paralyzed in the open position?
That allows a constant large leak of sodium in. The farter away from the NMJ you go, the more normal the cell looks. The Na+/K+ pumps can keep up farther aware from the NMJ where Na+ is flooding in
74
If sodium is leaking in at the NMJ for a long period of time, you would expect the cell membrane to be
more positive.
75
Why do you have a loss of a lot of potassium when you give succs?
The cell becomes very positive d/t prolonged open nAChr allowing sodium into the cell. More positive the cell more K+ wants to leave
76
How much more is potassium in the plasma when you give succs in a healthy person?
0.5mOsm/L
77
In a person who has had a stroke or has been paralyzed for a while, you would expect them to have
increased nAChr, found at other places than just the NMJ