A&P Test 1 Flashcards
What is glycolysis?
When glucose is being consumed to create a couple of ATP molecules
If sugars aren’t acting sticky, then they’re acting-
to repel proteins that are floating around in the area that also have a net negative charge
Glyco- means
sugar
Cholesterol is soluble in
lipids
Where does cholesterol like to hang out?
In the cell wall where the lipid tails are also oily
What does a flagella do?
It moves a cell around
What does cilia do?
It moves the fluid or the environment that’s around cells.
*think moves mucous in respiratory tract
Who do we inherit our mitochondrial DNA from?
Our mothers
How many different sets of mitochondrial DNA do we have?
12-20
Besides traditional DNA, what can be used for lineage or criminal testing?
Mitochondrial DNA
What is the ICF made of?
The “water” that is inside of a cell
What does it mean to be hydrophillic?
water loving, (Typically charged)
List the “solubles”
ions- electrolytes
proteins (some, or perhaps just a part)
carbohydrates
gasses (o2)
buffers
drugs (some)
List the “insolubles”
cholesterol
steroid hormones
lipids
drugs (some)
Gasses (nitrous)
How do you get an insoluble drug into the cardiovascular system?
By using a carrier (like lipids carrying propofol)
What is the total body water (TBW) in a healthy, 70kg adult male that is NOT obese?
60% of the body mass
70kg X 0.60 = 42kg of water
What are the different compartments of the Total Body Water?
Plasma
interstitial fluid
intracellular fluid
what is the plasma compartment of the TBW made of?
All the fluid in the cardiovascular system that doesn’t include the volume of any blood cells.
How much of the TBW is is ICF?
2/3
How much of the TBW is the ECF?
1/3
How much does 1 liter of water weigh in an ideal patient?
1 kilogram
How much of our extracellular fluid is in the cardiovascular system as plasma?
1/4 - 1/5
How would you solve for the predicted plasma volume in a non-obese person who weighs 100kg?
TBW=60% of 100kg=60L
ICF=2/3 of TBW 60= 40L
ECF=1/3 of TBW 60= 20L
Plasma is 1/5-1/4 of ECF 20= 4-5L
How much of the ECF is found in the ISF?
3/4-4/5
Which barrier is more permeable, the capillary membrane or the cell membrane?
The capillary membrane
What is the exception to capillary membranes being fairly permeable?
Capillaries in the brain
Does the capillary membrane in the cardiovascular system block electrolytes?
Not really. Electrolytes are allowed to move across the barrier pretty freely.
What would be the consequences of having a condition that destroys the barrier between the plasma and the interstitial fluid?
We would lose all sorts of volume from the cardiovascular system, making it very difficult to manage blood pressure.
What is a “steady state”?
When the concentrations of the ICF and ECF are at their normal. (not equal, but at homeostasis)
How is “steady state” different from equilibrium?
steady state refers to when the body is in homeostasis. Equilibrium refers to when two compartments are balanced equally.
(our temperature can be in a steady state at 37c but would not be in equilibrium with the room temperature of 20c)
Why are electrolytes concentrations pretty similar between the plasma and the interstitial fluid?
Because the capillary membrane is fairly permeable so electrolytes are being passed back and forth.
What is the main difference on the chart of osmolar substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial space?
The proteins. Proteins are too big to pass through the fairly porous wall of the capillaries and therefore stay inside of the plasma.
What is the normal number for blood sodium concentration?
140-142mOsm/L
What is the normal concentration of ICF sodium?
10% of the ECF concentration. ~14
What is the ratio of ICF sodium and ECF sodium?
1:10
How do you solve for the corrected osmolarity for the ECF?
Double the sodium. 280-283
Is sodium higher inside or outside of the cell?
Outside. Blood is salty.
What is the normal potassium concentration in the blood?
4mEq/L
Potassium found inside of the cell is how much higher than the ECF?
30-35X higher. ~120mEq/L
Why is high amounts of potassium in the ECF bad?
Potassium hurts surrounding cells
*Think potassium burns in an IV
What is the ratio of ECF to ICF of potassium?
1:30-35
Where is calcium concentrations highest? ICF of ECF?
ECF
How is calcium used in the ECF?
It turns cells on
Where is magnesium found in higher concentrations? ECF or ICF? Why?
ICF. Mag is used as a cofactor for many of the chemical reactions that are required inside of the cell.
Chloride follows which cation?
Sodium
What is the primary anion in the ECF?
chloride
what is the primary cation in the ECF?
Sodium
What is the secondary anion in the ECF?
Bicarb
Where are bicarb levels managed?
the kidney
what is the primary ECF buffer?
Bicarb
Where is bicarb concentrated higher?
ECF
What is phosphates simpleist role?
It’s used as an ICF buffer
Where is phosphate found in higher concentrations?
ICF
What does it mean to phosphorylate?
To add a phosphate
What does phosphorylation or dephosphorylation do in muscle cells?
It changes the energy level of controlled pathways.
It turns them on and off
What is our primary energy currency within a cell?
ATP
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
How do we add energy to ADP?
by adding a phosphate
How is energy expended in ATP?
By pulling off a phosphate
How can phosphate be used as an energy storage system?
phosphate is bound to Adenosine and stored until energy is needed, then the phosphate is pulled off and energy is created.
Where are amino acid concentrations higher?
ICF
Where are amino acids built and broken down?
inside the cell
Where is creatine typically found?
inside of skeletal muscles
How does creatine give us a short term energy reserve?
A phosphate attaches to a creatine to create a phosphocreatine and energy is stored. When energy is needed, the phosphate is pulled off of the creatine to create energy.
What is a metabolic byproduct found within the cells?
lactate
Why is ATP found inside of the cells?
It is very valuable and used inside of the cells
Why does adenosine cross into the ECF after the phosphate is pulled off of ATP?
ATP is broken down when a lot of energy is being expended.
When it is just adenosine, it crosses into the ECF to increase blood flow, and therefore perfuse that active tissue and take care of the metabolic requirement for that tissue to do its task.
Cells are reliant upon glucose being ______ to the cell.
delivered
Because cells don’t produce glucose, glucose concentrations are going to be higher in the _______
ECF
How do you calculate the total mOsm/L?
Draw a sample of fluid and run the concentrations then add all of the dissolved compounds.
What is the normal total mOsm/L?
~300
Why is the corrected osmolar activity different than the total mOsm/L?
Because charged compounds attract and become a different compound.
i.e. sodium and chloride become NaCl
What is the normal range for a corrected osmolar activity?
280-283mOsm/L
Why is osmolarity roughly the same concentration between the ICF and ECF?
Because water is not usually inhibited from crossing both the cell membrane and the capillary membrane.
What is the total osmotic pressure at 37c in mmhg?
~5,400mmhg
What is a glycocalyx?
A group of glycoproteins and glycolipids together.
Where does cholesterol hang out?
In the cell wall.
Why is too much cholesterol stored in the cell wall a bad thing?
It makes the cell walls rigid
Delete
Me
What are the tails on a phospholipid made of?
carbons and hydrogens
What are the heads of the phospholipids made of?
phosphate
What are cholesterol’s descriptors?
Flat
Rigid
Lipid Soluble
Decrease membrane fluidity at 37c (body)
increase membrane fluidity at <37c (icecream)
Is cholesterol charged?
No, except for the OH group that sticks out of the cell wall like a handle.
Where is most of our protein found?
in the ICF
Carbo- or Carboxy- means
carbohydrate (a type of starch/sugar)
