Chapter 9 Lecture 4 PART I Flashcards
Middle Childhood
School age children consists of what years?
6-12 years
School-age children tend to focus more on what rather than fantasy
fact –> think logically
What do major developmental tasks include?
forming positive self-esteem from internal sources
School-age children have the ability to develop what kind of relationships?
close peer relationships
Close peer relationships affects what?
The development of new ideas, skills, and tools to enhance the child’s advancement towards maturity
What do other developmental tasks include? (3)
- Chaning from concrete thinking to abstract thinking
-Preoperational (2-7) –> Concrete operational (7-11) –> Formal operational (12-adult) - Develop secondary sex characteristics
-axillary hair, pubic hair, body odor - Accept more responsibility
-industry vs. inferiority
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
-Does myelination of the brain slow down or speed up?
-Does it continue?
-slows
-Yes, through adolescence
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
-What happens to the bones?
Bones continue to ossify and grow
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
-Physical growth is slow or fast? Until when?
Physical growth is slow until a growth spurt occurs just before puberty
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
-Loss of primary teeth begins when
Around age 6
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
-Is the GI tract more mature?
-It’s more mature than whose?
-What increases?
-Yes, the GI tract is more mature in the school-age child than in the preschooler
-Stomach capacity and rate of stomach emptying
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
-What else matures and sharpens
-sensory organs mature & sharpen their senses of taste, smell, and touch
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
-What kind of skills develop?
-What else?
-fine and gross motor skills
-muscle strength
-enabling participationg in team sports, music performance, dance
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: Gross Motor Skills
-Newly developed skills enable the child to…
-What do they master?
-play independently
-coordination and control
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: Gross Motor Skills
-Schools with the least time for scheduled physical activity are those with the most….?
low SES children and lowest reading scores
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: Fine Motor Skills
-What does writing require?
-Reading requires?
-Sitting at a desk requires?
-This can be challenging for who?
-What is a disorder that some children have?
-Finger control
-Eye control
-Impulse control
-some 6 year olds
-ADHD
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: Artistic expression
-What does this require?
-Skill at execution and inhibition
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES: Making music
-What allows for playing musical instruments?
-What can children be enrolled in?
-Coordination and control
-formal lessons or music classes in school
EXERCISE AND PLAY:
-At what ages do children engage in rough-and-tumble play
-Is competition a welcome challenge?
-5-7
-Often times, yes
EXERCISE AND PLAY:
-Organized sports help develop what?
-teamwork and physical fitness
EXERCISE AND PLAY:
-When playing sports, what is NOT helpful and should be avoided?
-High stress and excessive pressure to win
EXERCISE AND PLAY:
-School age children need what?
-how much of activity do they need per day?
-physical activity
-60 minutes per day
EXERCISE AND PLAY:
-Why do they need physical activity? (3)
- It builds strength, endurance, and coordination
- It protects the heart
- It promotes a healthy body composition and bone mass
EXERCISE AND PLAY:
-What is exercise-induced asthma?
-Should they still participate in sports?
-asthma that is exercise induced; asthma is a common childhood health problem
-Yes, just use treatment beforehand
EXERCISE AND PLAY:
-What kinds of activities are often enjoyed by the school-age child?
collecting things and playing board games
What are the 5 benefits of physical activity?
- Better overall health
- Less obesity
- Appreciation of cooperation and fair play
- Improved problem-solving abilities
- Respect for teammates and opponents of other ethnicities and nationalities
What are the 4 hazards of physical activity?
- Loss of self-esteem as a result of criticism from teammates or classmates
- Injuries (#1 leading cause of childhood mortality)
- Reinforcement of prejudices (especially against the opposite sex)
- Increased stress (such as from playing sports)
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
-The electronic use of media for _____, ______, and ______ has become popular
-What does it have for children and parents?
-entertainment, communication, and education
-advantages and disadvantages
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
-What does gamification do?
It applies gaming elements to real-world activity, which can encourage participation
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
-What does access to social media provide children with?
-new information and social contacts
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
-What does access to social media potentially expose children to?
-innapropriate content and unsafe interactions
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
-Screen time SHOULD NOT exceed how many hours per day?
2
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
-Screen time SHOULD NOT replace what?
-What should parents make sure of?
-physical activity and personal interactions
-that children are still going outside
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
-What may suffer if social media and internet usage result in sedentary habits
-physical fitness
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
-According to Piaget, school-age children do three things, what are they?
-What is the most effective educational method for school-age children?
- They are concrete thinkers
- They think logically (very basic)
- They understand rules
-Hands-on learning
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
-According to Erikson, school age is the age of _____
-What is important during this age? What do they have?
-industry
-social circles; they have sleepovers, attend parties, and go to friend’s houses
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
-According to Erikson, ______ decreases
-What do they realize once it decreases?
-What is this understanding called?
-What does this enable the children to do?
-Egocentrism
-how their actions may affect others
-social cognition
-interact better with peers and can embrace their self-concept
What are the three phases of moral behavior?
- Knowledge (logic)
-knowing what is right - Emotion
-Feeling good or bad about what is right - Action (behavior)
-Behaving according to the rule of what is right
COGNITIVE STYLES:
-What does cognitive styles refer to?
a pattern of thought and reasoning
COGNITIVE STYLES:
-What technique may some children use? Example?
-mnemonics
-EXAMPLE: the rhyme for remembering the number of days in each month of the year
COGNITIVE STYLES:
-Describe feelings of success
-these feelings encourage the child to continue making efforts and do more
COGNITIVE STYLES:
-Describe feelings of failure
-The parents shouldn’t just focus on…
Example?
-these feelings may lead to to avoidance of risks or low self-esteem
-the bad, they should praise them for what they’re good at
-If they get A’s in everything but math, then praise them for the A’s and get them a tutor (help them)
COMMUNICATION SKILLS:
-School-age children are usually able to express themselves in what way
verbally
COMMUNICATION SKILLS:
-What do school-age children use as an effective communication tool?
language
COMMUNICATION SKILLS:
-Language or other communication problems can cause what?
-Example?
-a risk for social isolation and underachievement in school
-EXAMPLE: children whose first language is not English may need ESL classes
