Chapter 8 Lecture 3 PART II Flashcards
Early Childhood
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: TODDLER
-What do they begin to do?
-use words to express ideas and to solve problems
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: PRESCHOOL
-What does thinking involve?
-thinking involve’s Piaget’s preopoerational or prelogical characteristics
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
-What do they gradually learn about
-about cause and effect and how to solve problems
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
-What is a major task for a PRESCHOOLER to learn?
-What may cause a temper tantrum?
-impulse control
-saying no
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE:
-What four things does this consist of?
- Symbolic thinking
- Magical thinking
- Egocentrism
- Animism
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE:
-What is symbolic thinking?
-Give an example
-symbols mean something to THEM, not to us
-they understand that symbols mean something
-putting on shoes means you’re going outside, but if you don’t they get upset and throw a tantrum
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE:
-What is magical thinking?
-Example?
-Make believe play: fantasy and drama plays help to learn roles, school, house
-Wanting/pretending to be Anna, Elsa, a doctor, a dentist
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE:
-Egocentrism, what is it?
-Example?
-“Everything is about me”
-they understand the world through what they think/feel
-I like chocolate, so does everyone else
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE:
-What is animism?
-Example?
-giving life to inanimate objects
-pretending a broomstick is a horse
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE:
-What is limited focus?
-Example?
-Only think in terms of one classifier at a time
-4 white and 7 yellow tennis balls; ask child if there are more tennis balls or more yellow balls; they will choose yellow bc they don’t realize all of them are tennis balls
What is conservation?
a child’s ability to understand that the quantity of something (like liquid or mass) remains the same even if its appearance changes
MORAL DEVELOPMENT:
-According to Kohlberg, learning ______ and learning to _____ are _____ tasks of early childhood
-self-control
-share with others
-moral
MORAL DEVELOPMENT: PRESCHOOLERS look carefully at what?
-parents as models of moral behavior
MORAL DEVELOPMENT:
- How will a child learn socially acceptable behavior?
-through consistent positive reinforcement, and discipline
DISCIPLINE:
-Time out is effective for children between what ages?
1-6
DISCIPLINE: Time out
-How does it work?
-How many minutes per age?
- The child is removed from the situation and placed in time-out with a brief explanation of why it is happening
- Remind them of the cause at the end of time-out
-1 minute per age
DISCIPLINE:
-Corporal punishment consists of what?
-It is important to make sure that…
-Spanking
-the punishment fits the behavior
DISCIPLINE:
-What is the most positive and effective technique of discipline?
-Example?
-Rewarding good behavior
-Hug, smile, praise, or material reward for good behavior is effective
DISCIPLINE:
-What is the operant theory of effective discipline techniques?
-Example?
-positive reinforcement
-using an interactive mobile that is activated when the infant kicks –> the infant will keep kicking it because they like the results
SEXUALITY:
-Parents have ____ on ?
-an impact on the molding of sexuality in their infants and children
SEXUALITY:
-Acceptance or rejection of what can influence sexuality?
-What is it okay to do in front of them?
-hugging and kissing as an expression of emotion by parents
-to hug and kiss in front of them so they know its okay to share those emotions
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:
-Children should be physically active for a _____ of _____ every day
-Why?
-What should be limited?
-minimum
-60 minutes
-to increase aerobic capacity, functional ability, fitness, and quality of life
-sedentary activities
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:
-What are some examples?
organized sports, school recess, physical education programs, commuinty recreational programs
PLAY:
-What kinds of toys should be given?
- age-appropriate toys that are safe and promote the cognitive and motor development of that specific age group
-based off of Piaget’s ideas
PLAY:
-What is parallel play
-Which age group does it belong to?
-Toddlers
-He or she plays next to a friend, but does not interact with the friend
PLAY:
-What is cooperative play?
-Which age group does it belong to?
-A group of children can cooperate by acting out a scene together or by building a tower of blocks together
-Preschools
PLAY:
-What does play allow the child to do? (4)
-to imitate adult roles
-be the aggressor
-assume superpowers
-solve problems
DAYCARE:
-Is a big step towards what?
-Why?
-developing independence
-Because the child must accept that the parent will leave and must trust the parent will return
DAYCARE:
-Family Day Care Centers offer what?
-The groups of children are supervised by who?
-structured play and rest activities
-professional staff
DAYCARE:
-Preschool Centers offer what?
-structured activities that foster growth and development & teach coping skills
TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
-What do they help the child do?
express feelings through words rather than acting out
TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
-The children should brush their teeth how many times daily?
-How should you go about this?
-Twice
-Let them do it first and then help them
TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
-What should be discussed at well child visits?
Behaviors of the child and responses of the parent
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION: What are the 7?
- Automobile accidents
- Burns
- Falls
- Suffocation and choking
- Poisoning
- Electric shock
- Animal bites
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
-Automobile accidents
They should be in a rear facing car seat and switch according to their height and weight
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
-Burns
-Make sure pot handles are turned inside
-Put curling irons away
-DO NOT leave them unattended in the bathtub
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
-Falls
Cover sharp corners
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
-Suffocation and choking
-Plastic bags (suffocation)
-Food cut in circular pieces, small toys (choking)
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
-Poisoning
Lock medicine cabinets and put away things that can cause harm
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
-Electric shock
Cover outlets so they don’t shock themselves
SAFETY & ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
-Animal bites
Be safe with animals outside and at home
IMMUNIZATION:
-What is immunity?
The body’s resistance to disease-causing organisms
IMMUNIZATION:
-When do immunization programs start at?
-Why?
-2 months of age
-because the child can produce their own antibodies
IMMUNIZATION:
-When teaching the parents, what should nurses develop with them?
a partnership and understanding their values
