Chapter 7 Lecture 2 PART I Flashcards
The Infant
What is growth?
-an increase in size and pounds (length and weight)
-size is measured in inches or cm
-weight is measured in pounds or kilograms
What is development?
an increase in function & mastery of tasks for specific phase/stage in the lifespan
What are norms?
guidelines for when specific abilities are achieved (EX: charts)
What is cephalocaudal?
Growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe (first they hold head up, then they sit, then they walk)
What is proximodistal?
Growth from the center of the body to the periphery
When should an infant hold their head up?
Between 2-4 months
When should birth weight double by?
6 months
When should birth weight triple by?
by 1 year or 12 month
What is the typical length at birth?
20 inches
By 1 year, the length should increase by how much?
50%
By the age of 2, what is the typical height?
HALF of adult height
What is height generally determined by?
Family traits
What is the equation for BOYS height?
father’s height + mother’s height (in.) + 2.5 in./2
What is the equation for GIRLS height?
father’s height + mother’s height (in.) - 2.5 in./2
What are growth charts used for?
use to plot height, weight, and head circumference in infants
What do growth charts plot & what do they monitor?
-it plots percentiles
-it monitors growth trends
BMI less than 5%
child is malnourished
BMI 25-75%
child is normal
BMI 85-94%
child is overweight
BMI 95-100%
child is obese
Development continues for how long?
Throughout the life cycle
What does successful mastery of one phase enable a person to do?
It enables the person to proceed more easily onto the next
What is important in development?
Interactions between the parent, child, and environment
What are defense mechanisms? give an example
a protective reaction that helps conceal conflicts or anxieties
-thrashing
What is a coping skill?
a behavior that helps an individual adapt to or manage a stressful situation
Infants thrive with what?
Parental support and praise, a loving & supportive environment
What is ordinal position? What does it influence
-only child, middle child, oldest child
-When skills are mastered
What influences development & what is a major contributor to it
-family interactions
-nutrition
What are the 3 infant brain essentials?
- Infants need stimulation
-Playing, allowing vaired sensations, & encouraging movement is necessary for brain connections - Stress & the brain
-overabundance of stress hormones damages later brain functioning - Infants need protection
-Shaken baby syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma: a life threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth
-this motion RUPTURES blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections
What senses are present at birth?
-see
-hear
-smell
-touch (without purpose)
-feel pain
What is the least developed sense?
Sight
-Sometimes they look cross eyed but that is normal bc their eye muscles are still weak
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust
-Erikson
-First psychosocial crisis in infancy that must be resolved
-Trust develops when infants learn their basic needs are met
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Intelligence
-Who focused on cognitive development?
-What do infants discover at an early age?
-Example?
-What is object permanence?
-Piaget
-Infants discover at an early age that there is a relationship between cause and effect
➩ experiences at each stage of the life cycle build on this discovery
➩ EX: a cry elicits a response from adults, so the cry becomes a means of communication
-O.P.: knowing the object is there even though one cannot see it (develops at 7 months)
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Intelligence
-Can infants remember a taumatic response?
-Yes, infants can retain memory of a traumatic response
-general comforting may not be enough to achieve full emotional recovery
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Emotional Development
-When placed face-to-face with adult, what will happen?
-What is necessary in the first months of life?
-What is it important for?
-When placed face-to-face (en face) with an adult, an infant will mimic the facial expression of the adult
-Interaction between the parent and the infant is necessary in the first months of life
-it is also important for later social development
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Attachment
-when does it begin?
-Attachment begins long before the infant is born, when the mother feels the fetus moving in the womb
-Parents slowly develop an instinctive response to the infants cues
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Attachment
-Separation Anxiety (what is it, when does it begin?)
-When does stranger anxiety peak?
At what age does the child trust that the parent will return after an absence, why?
-begins at 6 months of age
-the infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room
-Stranger anxiety peaks at 9 months
-infant is approached by a stranger or substitute caregiver
-At 18 months
-Memory development helps the child remember the parent’s image & trusts they will return
What is secure attachment?
-Sensitive and loving parenting style
-healthy form of attachment
What is Insecure/avoidant attachment?
-insensitive, rejecting parenting style
-can cause toxic relationships in the future
-avoids parent
What is insecure resistant attachment?
-inconsistent, unpredicatble, self-centered parenting
-cry and seek out parent and then show anger towards them
What is disorganized attachment?
-child doesn’t know what to do to meet emotional needs
-frightening child constantly
Signs of Child Maltreatment (5)
- Dirty clothes
- Rashes (that may indicate neglect)
- look for & list location and color of bruises, scars, & wounds
- Look for imprints or outlines of objects on child’s skin (like a hand)
- irritation in genital area (concerning)
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Language Development
-What does it consists of?
-There appears to be an innate ability to develop what?
When do the first words occur?
-consists of verbal language that is both expressive (can say it) and receptive (can understand it)
-language skills
-between 10 & 13 months
What is nonverbal language?
body language
What is the preverbal stage of language development?
during the first year of life, before the infant can express understandable speech
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Motor Development
-The development of motor skills is closely related to what?
-the development of perception, emotion, and cognition
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Motor Development
-Many motor skills are dependent on what
-the disappearance of newborn reflexes
Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Motor Development
-What is the pincer grasp (action)
-the ability to hold something between the thumb and first finger
