Chapter 7 Lecture 2 PART I

Question 1

What is growth?

Answer 1

-an increase in size and pounds (length and weight)
-size is measured in inches or cm
-weight is measured in pounds or kilograms

Question 2

What is development?

Answer 2

an increase in function & mastery of tasks for specific phase/stage in the lifespan

Question 3

What are norms?

Answer 3

guidelines for when specific abilities are achieved (EX: charts)

Question 4

What is cephalocaudal?

Answer 4

Growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe (first they hold head up, then they sit, then they walk)

Question 5

What is proximodistal?

Answer 5

Growth from the center of the body to the periphery

Question 6

When should an infant hold their head up?

Answer 6

Between 2-4 months

Question 7

When should birth weight double by?

Answer 7

6 months

Question 8

When should birth weight triple by?

Answer 8

by 1 year or 12 month

Question 9

What is the typical length at birth?

Answer 9

20 inches

Question 10

By 1 year, the length should increase by how much?

Answer 10

50%

Question 11

By the age of 2, what is the typical height?

Answer 11

HALF of adult height

Question 12

What is height generally determined by?

Answer 12

Family traits

Question 13

What is the equation for BOYS height?

Answer 13

father’s height + mother’s height (in.) + 2.5 in./2

Question 14

What is the equation for GIRLS height?

Answer 14

father’s height + mother’s height (in.) - 2.5 in./2

Question 15

What are growth charts used for?

Answer 15

use to plot height, weight, and head circumference in infants

Question 16

What do growth charts plot & what do they monitor?

Answer 16

-it plots percentiles
-it monitors growth trends

Question 17

BMI less than 5%

Answer 17

child is malnourished

Question 18

BMI 25-75%

Answer 18

child is normal

Question 19

BMI 85-94%

Answer 19

child is overweight

Question 20

BMI 95-100%

Answer 20

child is obese

Question 21

Development continues for how long?

Answer 21

Throughout the life cycle

Question 22

What does successful mastery of one phase enable a person to do?

Answer 22

It enables the person to proceed more easily onto the next

Question 23

What is important in development?

Answer 23

Interactions between the parent, child, and environment

Question 24

What are defense mechanisms? give an example

Answer 24

a protective reaction that helps conceal conflicts or anxieties
-thrashing

Question 25

What is a coping skill?

Answer 25

a behavior that helps an individual adapt to or manage a stressful situation

Question 26

Infants thrive with what?

Answer 26

Parental support and praise, a loving & supportive environment

Question 27

What is ordinal position? What does it influence

Answer 27

-only child, middle child, oldest child -When skills are mastered

Question 28

What influences development & what is a major contributor to it

Answer 28

-family interactions -nutrition

Question 29

What are the 3 infant brain essentials?

Answer 29

1. Infants need stimulation -Playing, allowing vaired sensations, & encouraging movement is necessary for brain connections 2. Stress & the brain -overabundance of stress hormones damages later brain functioning 3. Infants need protection -*Shaken baby syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma*: a life threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth -this motion RUPTURES blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections

Question 30

What senses are present at birth?

Answer 30

-see -hear -smell -touch (without purpose) -feel pain

Question 31

What is the least developed sense?

Answer 31

Sight -Sometimes they look cross eyed but that is normal bc their eye muscles are still weak

Question 32

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 32

-Erikson -First psychosocial crisis in infancy that must be resolved -Trust develops when infants learn their basic needs are met

Question 33

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Intelligence -Who focused on cognitive development? -What do infants discover at an early age? -Example? -What is object permanence?

Answer 33

-Piaget -Infants discover at an early age that there is a relationship between cause and effect ➩ experiences at each stage of the life cycle build on this discovery ➩ EX: a cry elicits a response from adults, so the cry becomes a means of communication -O.P.: knowing the object is there even though one cannot see it (develops at 7 months)

Question 34

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Intelligence -Can infants remember a taumatic response?

Answer 34

-Yes, infants can retain memory of a traumatic response -general comforting may not be enough to achieve full emotional recovery

Question 35

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Emotional Development -When placed face-to-face with adult, what will happen? -What is necessary in the first months of life? -What is it important for?

Answer 35

-When placed face-to-face (en face) with an adult, an infant will mimic the facial expression of the adult -Interaction between the parent and the infant is necessary in the first months of life -it is also important for later social development

Question 36

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Attachment -when does it begin?

Answer 36

-Attachment begins long before the infant is born, when the mother feels the fetus moving in the womb -Parents slowly develop an instinctive response to the infants cues

Question 37

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Attachment -Separation Anxiety (what is it, when does it begin?) -When does stranger anxiety peak? At what age does the child trust that the parent will return after an absence, why?

Answer 37

-begins at 6 months of age -the infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room -Stranger anxiety peaks at 9 months -infant is approached by a stranger or substitute caregiver -At 18 months -Memory development helps the child remember the parent's image & trusts they will return

Question 38

What is secure attachment?

Answer 38

-Sensitive and loving parenting style -healthy form of attachment

Question 39

What is Insecure/avoidant attachment?

Answer 39

-insensitive, rejecting parenting style -can cause toxic relationships in the future -avoids parent

Question 40

What is insecure resistant attachment?

Answer 40

-inconsistent, unpredicatble, self-centered parenting -cry and seek out parent and then show anger towards them

Question 41

What is disorganized attachment?

Answer 41

-child doesn't know what to do to meet emotional needs -frightening child constantly

Question 42

Signs of Child Maltreatment (5)

Answer 42

1. Dirty clothes 2. Rashes (that may indicate neglect) 3. look for & list location and color of bruises, scars, & wounds 4. Look for imprints or outlines of objects on child's skin (like a hand) 5. irritation in genital area (concerning)

Question 43

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Language Development -What does it consists of? -There appears to be an innate ability to develop what? When do the first words occur?

Answer 43

-consists of verbal language that is both expressive (can say it) and receptive (can understand it) -language skills -between 10 & 13 months

Question 44

What is nonverbal language?

Answer 44

body language

Question 45

What is the preverbal stage of language development?

Answer 45

during the first year of life, before the infant can express understandable speech

Question 46

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Motor Development -The development of motor skills is closely related to what?

Answer 46

-the development of perception, emotion, and cognition

Question 47

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Motor Development -Many motor skills are dependent on what

Answer 47

-the disappearance of newborn reflexes

Question 48

Developmental Tasks of Infancy: Motor Development -What is the pincer grasp (action)

Answer 48

-the ability to hold something between the thumb and first finger