Chapter 5 Lecture 1 PART I Flashcards
Theories of Development
A theory will provide a framework for understanding how and why _____ (who) _____ as they _____ ____
people change as they grow older
Developmental theories focus on changes in ____, ____, and ____ that occur normally at different stages in the ____
-physiology
-psychology
-behavior
-lifespan
Behaviors are influenced by ____, ____, ____ ____, ____, ____ ____, & the ____ of the individual
-culture
-environment
-past experiences
-family
-health status
-reaction
- Behavioral explains the development of ____
- Psychodynamic focuses on ______ ____ and _____ challenges
- Cognitive focuses on advancement in _______
- Humanistic focuses on the influence of ______ ______
- Sociocultural describes how _____ influences ______
- behavior
- personality traits, psychological
- thinking
- human experiences
- culture, behavior
FREUD:
-What kind of theory was Freud associated with?
-Early ____ ____ shapes ____
-Psychoanalytic theory
-conflict resolution, personality
FREUD:
-What did he say were the three parts of personality?
Id, Ego, and Superego
FREUD:
Describe the Id, Ego, and Superego
-Id: is present at birth, seeks immediate pleasure –> “I want it now!”
-Ego: Mediates between the id and reality
-Superego: Develops at 3-5 years –> represents recognition of good and bad (Voice of conscience)
FREUD:
-What are the 7 defense mechanisms (RRR PIDS!)
- Rationalization
- Repression
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Identification
- Displacement
- Sublimation
FREUD: Defense Mechanisms
1. Rationalization: developing a _____ _____ for unacceptable _____
2. Repression: “_____” an unpleasant ____
3. Reaction Formation: Acting just the _____ of what one ____
4. Projection: Attributing one’s ____ or ____ to another ____
5. Identification: Joining a ____ so that its _____ ____ will be ____ on oneself
6. Displacement: Expressing feelings (often ____) one has about a person toward another _____ ____
7. Sublimation: Rechanneling unacceptable _____ into _____ ____ ones
- plausible excuse, behavior
- forgetting, experience
- opposite, feels
- thoughts or feelings, person
- group, positive identity, reflected
- anger, innocent person
- impulses, socially acceptable
FREUD:
-Describe oedipus complex and electra anxiety
-When do they arrive?
-Oedipus complex: Boys compete with their fathers for the love & attention of their mothers
-Electra anxiety: girls compete with their mothers for the love & attention of their fathers
-Phallic stage (3-6 years)
FREUD:
-What are the 5 Psychosexual Stages and their ages?
- Oral stage (0-1)
- Anal stage (2-3)
- Phallic stage (3-6)
- Latency stage (6-puberty)
- Genital Stage (beyond puberty)
JUNG:
-What kind of theory was he associated with?
Psychodynamic theory
JUNG:
-He believed in what in terms of personality?
That personality is shaped by past culture
JUNG:
-What two personality traits did he explain?
- Introversion (introvert): quiet, self-conscious, focuses inwardly
- Extroversion (extrovert): confident, outgoing, externally focused
ERIKSON:
-What kind of theory was he associated with?
Psychosocial Theory
ERIKSON:
-He beleived that personality develops based on _____ ____ and resolving ____ _____ at each stage
-social interactions
-social crises
ERIKSON:
-What are the 8 stages that he came up with?
- Infant: Trust vs. mistrust
- Toddler: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- Preschooler: Initiative vs. guilt
- School age: Industry vs. inferiority
- Adolescence: Identity vs. role confusion
- Young adulthood: Intimacy vs. isolation
- Middle adulthood: Generativity vs. stagnation
- Maturity: Integrity vs. despair
LEVINSON:
-What kind of theory was he associated with?
Psychosocial Theory
LEVINSON:
-Whose theories did he elaborate on?
-What did he believe?
-Erikson’s
-interactions among the environment, culture, and the individual are the fabric of life
LEVINSON:
-He divided life into transitions, what are they?
- Pre-adulthood
- Early adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
PIAGET:
-What kind of theory was Piaget associated with?
Cognitive Theory
PIAGET:
-He believed that cognitive development occured in _____
stages
PIAGET:
-What are the 4 stages of cognitive development and their ages?
- Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years)
- Preoperational (2-7)
- Concrete Operational (7-11)
- Formal Operational (12-adult)
PIAGET:
-Describe preoperational stage (4)
- Child uses symbols
- Doesn’t reason logically
- Ability to pretend (magical thinking and animism)
- Child is egocentric
PIAGET:
-Describe the sensorimotor stage (4)
- Object permanence develops
- Understand cause and effect
- Understand differences in time of day
- Develop separation anxiety
PIAGET:
-Describe the concrete operational stage (2)
- Child can think logically (adding and subtracting)
- Understands conservation
PIAGET:
-Describe the formal operational stage (2)
- Adolescent can reason abstractly & think hypothetically
- Understand scientific theories
LOEVINGER:
-What kind of theory was Loevinger associated with?
Cognitive theory
LOEVINGER:
-Whose ideas did Loevinger expand on?
-How did she do this?
-Piaget
-she extended his model into the stages of adulthood
LOEVINGER:
-She believed that the ___ adapts to ____
ego, demands
KAGAN:
-What kind of theory was Kagan associated with?
-Constructive theory
KAGAN:
-He believed in the need to what?
Be included in reciprocal relationships with others and the need to maintain independence
VYGOTSKY:
-What kind of theory was he associated with?
Language and Culture
VYGOTSKY:
-He believed that what 2 experiences were crucial for development?
-He thought that _____ was a major force in the _____ and _____ of the personality
-Social and cultural
-language, growth, development
VYGOTSKY:
-What 3 roles does language serve?
- Access to knowledge
- Cognitive tool that allows them to think about the world and solve problems
- Serves and individual function for regulating and reflecting on our own thinking
