Chapter 6 Lecture 2 PART I

Question 1

What did the Human Genome Project involve?

Answer 1

It involved gene mapping

Question 2

What does gene mapping determine?

Answer 2

The makeup of human genes

Question 3

When was the Human Genome Project completed? What did it result in?

Answer 3

-2001

-the identification of ALL human genes

Question 4

What were the goals of the Human Genome Project? (5)

Answer 4

1. Identifying more than 30,000 genes contained in human DNA
2. Determining the sequence of billions of chemicals that are contained in DNA
3. Developing tools for analysis of the findings
4. Addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) involved
5. Transferring the technology for use by the public in a private sector

Question 5

What is genetic counseling

Answer 5

The communication between a geneticist and the parents

Question 6

Why would you use genetic counseling?

Answer 6

To discuss an infant’s risk of inheriting genes that could result in an abnormality

Question 7

What kind of genes have researchers developed, why?

Answer 7

-therapuetic genes
-they can repair defective DNA

Question 8

What are suicide genes programmed to destroy?

Answer 8

defective genes

Question 9

Pure genes can replace…

Answer 9

a missing gene

Question 10

Why do we screen patients?

Answer 10

For the existence of some specific genetic problems WITHOUT looking at DNA

Question 11

Through screening procedures, some adult-onset diseases can be what?

Answer 11

diagnosed BEFORE symptoms appear

Question 12

Why was the Ethical, Legal, & Social Implications of Gene Therapy. (ELSI) developed?

Answer 12

To study the ethical, legal, and social implications of gene therapy

Question 13

When does fertilization occur?

Answer 13

When the sperm penetrates the ovum as it enters the upper portion of the woman’s fallopian tube

Question 14

How long does sperm live?

Answer 14

For up to 5 days

Question 15

How long does the ovum live?

Answer 15

For only 24 hours after ovulation

Question 16

What is a zygote/germinal?

Answer 16

A cell formed by the union of the sperm and ovum

Question 17

What is an embryo?

Answer 17

Called this after 2 weeks of growth

Question 18

What is a fetus?

Answer 18

From week 9 to birth

Question 19

What is gestation?

Answer 19

fetal life

Question 20

What is viable?

Answer 20

Able to survive outside the uterus

Question 21

When is the fetus considered viable?

Answer 21

At 24 weeks

Question 22

What does multifetal mean?

Answer 22

twins, triplets, quadruplets, etc.

Question 23

What are dizygotic twins

Answer 23

-fraternal twins
-2 ova are released at ovulation & each ovum is fertilized by a separate sperm
-can be different sex and are NOT genetically identical

Question 24

What are monozygotic twins?

Answer 24

-identical twins
-1 single fertilized ovum separates into 2 separate embryos
-Same sex & genetically identical

Question 25

When do many of the critical periods in the prenatal phase occur?

Answer 25

During the first trimester of pregnancy (first 3 months) when the basic structures are developing

Question 26

What are the factors that can affect growth and development throughout the fetal period? (4)

Answer 26

1. Undernutrition OR overnutrition 2. Drugs and alcohol 3. Toxins 4. Illness

Question 27

What is typically the most injured organ during pregnancy? System?

Answer 27

-The brain -CNS

Question 28

Why is the brain typically the most injured organ, and the CNS the most affected system?

Answer 28

Bc throughout the entire pregnancy, the brain is under development

Question 29

What can exposure to toxins during fetal development cause? (3)

Answer 29

-Abnormalities -Illness -Miscarriage

Question 30

Maternal ingestion of substances (such as alcohol) can interfere with what

Answer 30

Cell growth in the developing fetus

Question 31

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 31

mental retardation and abnormal facial features

Question 32

What are considered toxins? (5)

Answer 32

1. Drug use 2. Toxoplasmosis 3. Radiation 4. Lead 5. Cigarette smoking

Question 33

What are the 3 trimesters

Answer 33

-Trimester 1: month 0-3 -Trimester 2: months 3-6 -Trimester 3: months 6-9 or up to the 40 weeks

Question 34

When does pregnancy begin? What is it the starting point of?

Answer 34

-at conception -the gestational age

Question 35

How long do full-term pregnancies last?

Answer 35

-266 days -38-40 weeks -9 months

Question 36

Pregnancy is divided into what three periods? What are they also called?

Answer 36

-germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period -trimesters

Question 37

How is the due date determined

Answer 37

Based on the woman's last menstrual period

Question 38

What are the different kinds of health promotion? (5)

Answer 38

1. Nutrition: making sure women have adequate diets: folic acid, eating, drinking enough fluids, etc. 2. Exercise: Wieght loss IS NOT the goal BUT exercise is important to maintain levels of health and fitness during pregnancy 3. Avoidance of teratogens (harmful toxins) 4. Prenatal care 5. Attitude about/acceptance of pregnancy

Question 39

What are the 3 maternal adaptations during the prenatal phase/development?

Answer 39

1. Response to discovering that conception has occurred 2. Reality of pregnancy becomes evident with fetal movement ultrasound 3. Plans for the actual birth of the baby