Chapter 6 Lecture 2 PART I Flashcards
Prenatal Influences on Health Development
What did the Human Genome Project involve?
It involved gene mapping
What does gene mapping determine?
The makeup of human genes
When was the Human Genome Project completed? What did it result in?
-2001
-the identification of ALL human genes
What were the goals of the Human Genome Project? (5)
- Identifying more than 30,000 genes contained in human DNA
- Determining the sequence of billions of chemicals that are contained in DNA
- Developing tools for analysis of the findings
- Addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) involved
- Transferring the technology for use by the public in a private sector
What is genetic counseling
The communication between a geneticist and the parents
Why would you use genetic counseling?
To discuss an infant’s risk of inheriting genes that could result in an abnormality
What kind of genes have researchers developed, why?
-therapuetic genes
-they can repair defective DNA
What are suicide genes programmed to destroy?
defective genes
Pure genes can replace…
a missing gene
Why do we screen patients?
For the existence of some specific genetic problems WITHOUT looking at DNA
Through screening procedures, some adult-onset diseases can be what?
diagnosed BEFORE symptoms appear
Why was the Ethical, Legal, & Social Implications of Gene Therapy. (ELSI) developed?
To study the ethical, legal, and social implications of gene therapy
When does fertilization occur?
When the sperm penetrates the ovum as it enters the upper portion of the woman’s fallopian tube
How long does sperm live?
For up to 5 days
How long does the ovum live?
For only 24 hours after ovulation
What is a zygote/germinal?
A cell formed by the union of the sperm and ovum
What is an embryo?
Called this after 2 weeks of growth
What is a fetus?
From week 9 to birth
What is gestation?
fetal life
What is viable?
Able to survive outside the uterus
When is the fetus considered viable?
At 24 weeks
What does multifetal mean?
twins, triplets, quadruplets, etc.
What are dizygotic twins
-fraternal twins
-2 ova are released at ovulation & each ovum is fertilized by a separate sperm
-can be different sex and are NOT genetically identical
What are monozygotic twins?
-identical twins
-1 single fertilized ovum separates into 2 separate embryos
-Same sex & genetically identical
When do many of the critical periods in the prenatal phase occur?
During the first trimester of pregnancy (first 3 months) when the basic structures are developing
What are the factors that can affect growth and development throughout the fetal period? (4)
- Undernutrition OR overnutrition
- Drugs and alcohol
- Toxins
- Illness
What is typically the most injured organ during pregnancy? System?
-The brain
-CNS
Why is the brain typically the most injured organ, and the CNS the most affected system?
Bc throughout the entire pregnancy, the brain is under development
What can exposure to toxins during fetal development cause? (3)
-Abnormalities
-Illness
-Miscarriage
Maternal ingestion of substances (such as alcohol) can interfere with what
Cell growth in the developing fetus
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
mental retardation and abnormal facial features
What are considered toxins? (5)
- Drug use
- Toxoplasmosis
- Radiation
- Lead
- Cigarette smoking
What are the 3 trimesters
-Trimester 1: month 0-3
-Trimester 2: months 3-6
-Trimester 3: months 6-9 or up to the 40 weeks
When does pregnancy begin? What is it the starting point of?
-at conception
-the gestational age
How long do full-term pregnancies last?
-266 days
-38-40 weeks
-9 months
Pregnancy is divided into what three periods? What are they also called?
-germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period
-trimesters
How is the due date determined
Based on the woman’s last menstrual period
What are the different kinds of health promotion? (5)
- Nutrition: making sure women have adequate diets: folic acid, eating, drinking enough fluids, etc.
- Exercise: Wieght loss IS NOT the goal BUT exercise is important to maintain levels of health and fitness during pregnancy
- Avoidance of teratogens (harmful toxins)
- Prenatal care
- Attitude about/acceptance of pregnancy
What are the 3 maternal adaptations during the prenatal phase/development?
- Response to discovering that conception has occurred
- Reality of pregnancy becomes evident with fetal movement ultrasound
- Plans for the actual birth of the baby
