CHAPTER 17 LECTURE 2 PART I Flashcards by Fatima Avila

Infant range

birth to 12 months

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The infant is _____ ______ on their _______

-totally
-reliant
-caregiver(s)

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What principles are used as structural framework?

principles of growth and development

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What are some determinants of health (4)

socioeconomic status
Physicial and social environment
Genetic and biological influences
Access to health care

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When does human development begin?

When a sperm penetrates a mature ovum

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Who does the infant depend on to meet all needs?

-The infant depends COMPLETELY on others, primarily the parents

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To guide the parents, the nurse must know….
-like what?

what behaviors to expect at certain age levels
-physical growth landmarks
-developmental tasks
-anticipatory guidance

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What is anticipatory guidance?
Example?

-The teaching that healthcare providers do based on the developmental life stage of the child
-EXAMPLE: if the adolescence is about to drive, the healthcare provider sits the parents down and tells them what they should be doing and provide guidance

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DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Phsyiological Equillibrium

-What is the infant’s first and most basic task?
-What does it include

-Survival
-it includes basic physiological functions (breathing, eating, digesting)

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DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Phsyiological Equillibrium

-Because many of these tasks involve the infant’s _____, this is referred to as

-mouth
-the oral stage of development

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DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Stimulation & Environmental Interaction

-This is essential for what?
-What does it increase?

-infant development
- 1. vascularization of brain structures
-2. myelination of brain/nerves

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DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Infants should have _____ stimuli
-Examples?

-auditory/visual stimuli
-radios, spoken voice, mobiles — touch is important!

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CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Erikson
-what does it influence
-what do they need

-Trust vs. mistruct (psychosocial development)
-Trust influences future relationships
-Infants need MAXIMUM GRATIFICATION/MINIMUM FRUSTRATION

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CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Piaget
-What period?
-they are mastering what

-Cognitive development
-Sensorimotor period
-Mastering simple coordination activities through senses and motor activity

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CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Reflexes
-What are they?
-Which ones?

-responses following stimulation
-rooting & sucking reflex: assists survival

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CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Infant Developmental Inventory
-What is it?
-When is it recommended to screen children?
What does it screen for?

-An assessment tool that screens from birth to 18 months
-18, 19, 30 months
-Social, self-help, gross and fine motor and language
-Monthly developmental milestones

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CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: CDC and WHO growth charts
-what do they include?
-What are they plotted on?
-WHO growth charts are used for ______ and CDC growth charts are used for _______

-height, weight, head circumference
-A standarized grid
-0-24 months, older than 24 months

What is featured on the CDC new chart?

Body mass index (BMI)

Growth index determind via…

length and weight

What do growth curves aid in

the diagnosis of over or undernutrition

Up to what age is the head circumference measured?

36 months

Gender: male and female chromosomes

Male: XY
Female: XX

Birth rate ratio males to females

105 males: 100 females

Male size

larger, more muscle mass, more motor activity

Female size

Smaller but more physically mature at birth

Females are less vulnerable to ____, but have a greater response to ______

-stress -tactile stimulation/pain

Gender may impact what?

parental relationships/expectations

Race: do universal norms exit?

There are _____ variations among people of _____ _____

-physical -different races

Diversity is a challenge in what

health assessment and nursing care

What is a birth defect?

an abnorality of structure, function, or metabolism due to a genetic or environment issue

Birth defects: Why may some parents refrain from having another child? -What would help?

-Because they don't want to risk having another child with birth defects -genetic counseling provides guidance

Maternal age: risk

Having a child with down syndrome increases significantly for women older than 35

Ethnic background: risk

-Eastern European Jews: Tay-Sachs disease -Blacks: Sickle cell anemia

Family history: risk

-Huntington's chorea, hemophilia, mental retardation

Reproductive history: risk

-Spontaneous abortions -stillbirths -previous children with genetic conditions

Maternal disease: risk

-diabetes mellitus -Seizure disorder -phenylketonuria

What is the nurses role during the genetic counseling process?

case finding, referral, family education

What is weaning?

-a gradual, caring process that introduces the infant to a cup -the infant usually learns to use a cup by 5-6 months

What must be met first before weaning? What are they

-developnental milestones 1. Infant extrusion reflex needs to be absent 2. Infant can sit only slightly supported 4. The infant is able to turn head away to indicate food refusal

What 2 things should be avoided, why?

1. AVOID propping baby bottles -aspiration danger & can cause baby bottle syndrome (tooth decay) 2. AVOID hazardous foods -choking hazard (grapes, hot dogs)

No honey under what age? Why?

- Age 2 -Risk botulism