CHAPTER 17 LECTURE 2 PART I Flashcards
Infant
Infant range
birth to 12 months
The infant is _____ ______ on their _______
-totally
-reliant
-caregiver(s)
What principles are used as structural framework?
principles of growth and development
What are some determinants of health (4)
- socioeconomic status
- Physicial and social environment
- Genetic and biological influences
- Access to health care
When does human development begin?
When a sperm penetrates a mature ovum
Who does the infant depend on to meet all needs?
-The infant depends COMPLETELY on others, primarily the parents
To guide the parents, the nurse must know….
-like what?
what behaviors to expect at certain age levels
-physical growth landmarks
-developmental tasks
-anticipatory guidance
What is anticipatory guidance?
Example?
-The teaching that healthcare providers do based on the developmental life stage of the child
-EXAMPLE: if the adolescence is about to drive, the healthcare provider sits the parents down and tells them what they should be doing and provide guidance
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Phsyiological Equillibrium
-What is the infant’s first and most basic task?
-What does it include
-Survival
-it includes basic physiological functions (breathing, eating, digesting)
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Phsyiological Equillibrium
-Because many of these tasks involve the infant’s _____, this is referred to as
-mouth
-the oral stage of development
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Stimulation & Environmental Interaction
-This is essential for what?
-What does it increase?
-infant development
- 1. vascularization of brain structures
-2. myelination of brain/nerves
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: Infants should have _____ stimuli
-Examples?
-auditory/visual stimuli
-radios, spoken voice, mobiles — touch is important!
CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Erikson
-what does it influence
-what do they need
-Trust vs. mistruct (psychosocial development)
-Trust influences future relationships
-Infants need MAXIMUM GRATIFICATION/MINIMUM FRUSTRATION
CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Piaget
-What period?
-they are mastering what
-Cognitive development
-Sensorimotor period
-Mastering simple coordination activities through senses and motor activity
CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Reflexes
-What are they?
-Which ones?
-responses following stimulation
-rooting & sucking reflex: assists survival
CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: Infant Developmental Inventory
-What is it?
-When is it recommended to screen children?
What does it screen for?
-An assessment tool that screens from birth to 18 months
-18, 19, 30 months
-Social, self-help, gross and fine motor and language
-Monthly developmental milestones
CONCEPTS OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT: CDC and WHO growth charts
-what do they include?
-What are they plotted on?
-WHO growth charts are used for ______ and CDC growth charts are used for _______
-height, weight, head circumference
-A standarized grid
-0-24 months, older than 24 months
What is featured on the CDC new chart?
Body mass index (BMI)
Growth index determind via…
length and weight
What do growth curves aid in
the diagnosis of over or undernutrition
Up to what age is the head circumference measured?
36 months
Gender: male and female chromosomes
Male: XY
Female: XX
Birth rate ratio males to females
105 males: 100 females
Male size
larger, more muscle mass, more motor activity
Female size
Smaller but more physically mature at birth
Females are less vulnerable to ____, but have a greater response to ______
-stress
-tactile stimulation/pain
Gender may impact what?
parental relationships/expectations
Race: do universal norms exit?
No
There are _____ variations among people of _____ _____
-physical
-different races
Diversity is a challenge in what
health assessment and nursing care
What is a birth defect?
an abnorality of structure, function, or metabolism due to a genetic or environment issue
Birth defects: Why may some parents refrain from having another child?
-What would help?
-Because they don’t want to risk having another child with birth defects
-genetic counseling provides guidance
Maternal age: risk
Having a child with down syndrome increases significantly for women older than 35
Ethnic background: risk
-Eastern European Jews: Tay-Sachs disease
-Blacks: Sickle cell anemia
Family history: risk
-Huntington’s chorea, hemophilia, mental retardation
Reproductive history: risk
-Spontaneous abortions
-stillbirths
-previous children with genetic conditions
Maternal disease: risk
-diabetes mellitus
-Seizure disorder
-phenylketonuria
What is the nurses role during the genetic counseling process?
case finding, referral, family education
What is weaning?
-a gradual, caring process that introduces the infant to a cup
-the infant usually learns to use a cup by 5-6 months
What must be met first before weaning? What are they
-developnental milestones
1. Infant extrusion reflex needs to be absent
2. Infant can sit only slightly supported
4. The infant is able to turn head away to indicate food refusal
What 2 things should be avoided, why?
- AVOID propping baby bottles
-aspiration danger & can cause baby bottle syndrome (tooth decay) - AVOID hazardous foods
-choking hazard (grapes, hot dogs)
No honey under what age? Why?
- Age 2
-Risk botulism
