Chapter 17 PART II Flashcards
Infant
Sleep need to correlate with what?
rate of growth
Babies should be asleep ____ of time at birth & will sleep _____ over time
-80%
-less
At 12 months they should sleep ____ hours daily
12
Promote infant’s sleep patterns:
-What should happen with sleep cycles?
-What should be developed?
-Sensitivity to sleep cycles
-develop rituals
Should they be on a firm schedule?
-No
-BUT they should also not be going to sleep when you are
What is highly prevelent in terms of sleep?
-What is helpful?
-Sleep problems
1. Bedtime rituals are helpful
2. Brief arousals at night are normal for infants
3. Quiet room separate from parents is recommended
What does the Safe-To-Sleep Campaign promote? (what position)
-placing child on back (vs. prone) for sleep
What does the Safe-To-Sleep Campaign avoid?
-What has it signficantly reduced?
-one of the risk factors for SIDS
-the incidence of SIDS
The Safe-To-Sleep Campaign has increased the incidence of what?
-occipital flattening (Flat Head Syndrome)
-this is when a flat spot on occiput develops
What are some solutions for Flat Head Syndrome?
- Supervised prone position when awake (“Tummy Time”)
- Place their head facing altnerate sides at bedtime
- Avoid excessive use of carriers
What can happen with excessive use of carriers?
-Carriers can cause a hip injury if the infant is left in there for too long with their legs separated
What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
-when does it most commonly occur?
-Is there a known cause?
-It is the ____ leading cause of infant death
-sudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 year old during sleep
-occurs before 6 months
-Unexplained cause
-3rd
What are SIDS risk factors? (8)
- prone sleeping
- exposure to tobacco smoke
- soft sleeping surfaces
- hyperthermia
- bed sharing
- lack of breastfeeding
- SIDS siblings
- near-SIDS
Infant mortality: what are the 5 leading causes of death?
- Congenital anomalies
- Preterm birth and low birth weight
- SIDS
- Unintentional injuries
- Maternal pregnancy complications
Safe To Sleep Campaign steps
- The infant is placed in the supine position
- He or she is then put to bed
-this measure has reduced the incidence of SIDS
COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN: Vision
- Sight is the least developed sense at birth bc the eye muscles are weak
- Initially, vision is unfocused, without meaning
- By 3 months, eye movements coordinate
- By 6 months, eye movements mature
COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN: Hearing
- After the amniotic fluid has drained from the middle ear, the infant’s hearing becomes acute
- Sound discrimination is an important developmental task
COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN: Smell
- Fully developed at birth
- Can differentiate odor of mother’s milk from others at 2 weeks
COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN: Taste
- Present at birth
- Salivation begins at 3 months of age
COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN: Touch and motion
- Tactile sensation is well developed at birth
- Touch relieves infant tensions & speeds neuromusclar development
COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN: Language development
- Sensory stimulation is important
- At 2 months, cooing sounds are heard
- At 6 months, babbling sounds are heard
- At 12 months, single words emerge
- By 15-18 months, an expressive jargon develops
ROLES-RELATIONSHIPS PATTERN: Attachment and bonding
Establishment of maternal-infant bond is important
ROLES-RELATIONSHIPS PATTERN: Theories of attachment
-Freudian psychoanalytic theory
-Oedipus Complex
-Electra Anxiety
-They are in the oral stage (breastfeeding, pacifier, sucking)
ROLES-RELATIONSHIPS PATTERN:
Theories of attachment
-Social learning theory
attachment is a set of learned behaviors
-we need to engage with the infants
ROLES-RELATIONSHIPS PATTERN: Difficulties with attachment
-increased risk of what?
child abuse, failure-to-thrive, behavior problems, poor growth (previous failure to thrive)
Poor growth =
current weight is below norm
Failure to thrive =
BMI is less than 5%
A parent who abuses their child may not have ____ to them
attachment
ROLES-RELATIONSHIPS PATTERN: Parental engrossment is what?
Behavior pattern of fathers when they interact with their infants
-their whole world is centered around the child
What is child abuse?
Active or passive abuse at the hands of parents or caregivers
When is child abuse most common
Under age 2
Is parenting instinctive?
-No, parenting is not instinctive
Child abuse is a response to what?
Inadequate parental coping– often socially isolated, no support
-may also be due to stress
Who abuses more frequently, why?
Women abuse more frequently bc they are primary caregivers
Who abuses more severely?
Men abuse more severely & sexual abuse is commited more frequently
Child abuse can be an intergenerational cycle of behavior, meaning that…
there are profound long-term effects on the child
What are some community goals for child abuse?
-ID
-prevention
Preventions of child abuse
- Identification of abuse when it occurs
- Intervention in families at risk: protection of abused/at-risk children
The scope of child abuse is ____
extreme
____ in ____ children or infants are victims of abuse
1 in 7
How many children die from abuse or neglect
1,700
Abused children commonly become _____ _____
abusing parents
Abuse occurs in every ….
race, creed, or socioeconomic status
