Chapter 6 Lecture 2 PART II Flashcards
Prenatal Influences on Health Development
What is childbirth?
A normal physiological process that affects the health of the mother and the fetus
Labor and deliver are often what?
A family affair
What does family affair mean in terms of labor and delivery
That the father/significant other is participating and the grandparents are actively involved
Where can a woman choose to deliver the baby
-a traditional hospital setting
-a freestanding private birthing center
-at home
What are the stages of birth?
- Dilation and effacement
- Descent and birth of the baby
- Birth of the placenta
- Recovery
The cervix must be what in terms of dilation?
COMPLETELY dilated (10 cm)
The cervix must be what in terms of effacement?
100% effaced (thinned out)
Physiological changes occur in the infant’s body, why?
to enable it to adjust to life outside the uterus after the umbilical cord is cut
What happens to the infant after the umbilical cord is cut?
The infant is dried & placed in a pre-warmed bed
What do we do to an infant’s head after birth?
their head is covered to minimize heat loss until the infant can stabilize its own body temperature
What happens between the parents and the newborn?
-Bonding and attachment
-Skin-to-skin contact
When is the apgar score assessed?
1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
What is the apgar score?
a rating of heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, and reflex response
What kinds of scores can happen?
-0-10 score
-estimates the condition of the newborn
0-3 score
Infant needs immediate resuscitation
4-6 score
moderately depressed
7-10 score
normal
What can happen during the transition into motherhood? (4)
-Hormonal changes
-changes in self-image
-reorganization of tasks
-postpartum blues & postpartum depression
What are postpartum blues
feelings of joy and depression
What can happen to fathers after birth?
-Engrossment: intense focus on the newborn
-role and responsibilities may change
What can occur between siblings after birth?
Sibling rivalry: competition between siblings, often for parental attention and love
What can happen to grandparents after birth?
Some seek interactive role and others do not
How can culture influence birth?
-In some, the husband is expected to be present during the birthing process, while in others its discouraged
-it may influence the accuracy of pain assessment
What is Rubin’s Phase 1 of Psychological Changes After Birth?
-“Taking in”
-The woman is passive & lets others care for her and the infant (such as asking for food or opportunity to sleep)
-she talks about the delivery exprerience
What is Rubin’s Phase 2 of Psychological Changes After Birth?
-“Taking hold”
-The woman begins to initiate care of the infant
-she assumes responsibility for self-care
-she is most receptive to teaching at this stage
What is Rubin’s Phase 3 of Psychological Changes After Birth?
-“Letting go”
-Parents recognize the reality of the new lifetsyle & responsibilities they face
-they accpet the gender & unique appearence of the new child
What are the developmental tasks of the newborn? (4)
-Feeding patterns & habits
-First trust experience (Trust vs. mistrust: ERIKSON)
-Sleeps 15-20 hours daily
-Reflexes
What are the 7 reflexes of the neonate?
- Moro
- Tonic neck
- Palmar grasp
- Babinski
- Rooting
- Sucking
- Stepping
What is the MORO REFLEX
-you frighten the baby
-The baby should spread out their arms
-then the baby will pull their arms back in, tight to their chest
-the baby will then cry
What is the TONIC NECK REFLEX
-When placed in a supine (face up) position & turn their head to the side
-the same arm extends and the opposite flexes
What is the PALMAR & PLANTAR GRASP
-You put a finger in the middle of the palm or foot
-the fingers and toes should curl around
What is a POSITIVE BABINSKI REFLEX
-The sole of the foot is firmly stroked
-the big toe will bend toward the top of the foot
-the other toes will fan out
-this is normaal for up to 2 years of age
What is a NEGATIVE BABINSKI REFLEX
-The toes curl instead of fan out
What is the ROOTING REFLEX
-the corner of the baby’s mouth is touched
-the baby will turn their head & open their mouth
-the baby will follow in the direction of the stroking to find the breast or bottle to begin feeding
What is the STEPPING REFLEX
-The baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with their feet touching a solid surface
What does intelligence involve?
The ability to learn from experience & to adapt to the environment and its challenges
When does intelligence begin?
As soon as the baby enters the world
What does the study of intelligence include? (4)
- Psychometric variables (reasoning, memory, abstract thinking)
- Computational variables (ability to process information)
- Biological variables (neural functioning)
- Complex system variables (language and interpersonal intelligence)
What is a developmental task of the neonate, in terms of play activities? Give an example that will foster this development
-To learn how to focus on & follow objects as they move across the field of vision
-An overhanging mobile with contrasting colors
What stage is the neonate in during neonatal development?
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive growth
What is the best time to interact with the neonate?
During the quiet-alert state of responsiveness
