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S4: Radiographic Pathology > Chapter 8 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four important valves

A

mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic semilunar valve, and pulmonary valve

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2
Q

mitral valve is also known as

A

left atrioventricular or bicuspid

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3
Q

tricuspid valve is also known as

A

right arterioventricular

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4
Q

the aortic semilunar valve is between

A

aorta and left ventricle

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5
Q

pulmonary valve is between

A

pulmonary trunk and right ventricle

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6
Q

what is the major artery

A

aorta

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7
Q

what is the major vein

A

inferior vena cava

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8
Q

describe arteries to veins

A

arteries become arterioles, then capillaries, then venules, and finally veins

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9
Q

major organs of lymphatic system

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, and adenoids

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10
Q

lymph vessels begin as lymph capillaries known as

A

lymphatics

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11
Q

lymphatics are

A

the collecting vessels

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12
Q

lymph nodes are

A

found in path of lymphatics and are the filters

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13
Q

blood flows from inferior vena cava and superior vena cava into

A

right atrium

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14
Q

blood flows from right atrium

A

through tricuspid valve into right ventricle

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15
Q

blood flows from right ventricle

A

through pulmonary valve into lungs

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16
Q

blood picks up oxygen from capillaries around alveoli and returns to

A

left atrium via pulmonary veins

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17
Q

blood flows from left atrium

A

through mitral valve into left ventricle

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18
Q

blood flows from left ventricle

A

through aortic valve and into aorta to the body

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19
Q

how many branches off the aortic arch send blood to upper body, while the rest goes to lower body

A

three branches

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20
Q

blood gives off oxygen when

A

in the capillaries of the tissues

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21
Q

blood of abdominal digestive organs go through

A

portal circulation to be detoxified

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22
Q

after portal circulation, blood goes to

A

right atrium for pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

the lymphatic system plays a major role in immunity by

A

producing lymphocytes and antibodies; initiating phagocytosis; producing blood when other ways are compromised

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24
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

narrowing of aorta causing left ventricle enlargement

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25
Q

two types of coarctation of aorta

A

adult and juvenile

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26
Q

which type of coarctation of aorta is most common

A

adult

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27
Q

adult coarctation of aorta signs include

A

hypertension, dilated aortic arch, and rib-notching

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28
Q

shunts are from

A

high (systemic) to low (pulmonary)

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29
Q

shunts allow

A

unoxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix

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30
Q

ASD is

A

hold in septum between atria

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31
Q

what is the most common shunt

A

ASD

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32
Q

signs of ASD

A

pulmonary blood flow is increased and right ventricle enlargement

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33
Q

VSD is

A

hole in septum between ventricles

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34
Q

VSD is more serious than ASD because

A

pressure is greater in ventricles than in atria

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35
Q

VSD shows

A

left-sided heart enlargement

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36
Q

sign of VSD if opening is small

A

heart murmur

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37
Q

sign of VSD if opening is large

A

breathing difficulties

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38
Q

patent arterial duct is common in

A

premature infants

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39
Q

patent arterial duct is uncommon in

A

full-term births

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40
Q

with a patent arterial duct, blood is shunted from

A

aorta to pulmonary arteries and back to lungs

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41
Q

with patent arterial duct

A

lungs become overloaded with blood and heart is overworked to balance oxygen supply and demand

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42
Q

what do chest images show with patent arterial duct

A

enlarged left ventricle

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43
Q

a patent arterial duct must be closed off if

A

does not heal within a few weeks of birth

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44
Q

what four conditions must exist with Tetralogy of Fallot

A

pulmonary stenosis; VSD; right ventricle enlargement; and aortic displacement

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45
Q

what is most common cause of “blue baby”

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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46
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot shunt is a

A

right-to-left shunt

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47
Q

what happens with Tetralogy of Fallot

A

not enough blood goes to lungs to receive oxygen, so heart pumps harder

48
Q

classic sign of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Coeur en sabot or wooden shoe

49
Q

aneurysm in the abdominal aorta is most likely caused by

A

atherosclerosis

50
Q

what is false aneurysm

A

pulsating hematoma

51
Q

what are the three types of aneurysms

A

saccular, fusiform, and dissecting

52
Q

saccular aneurysms usually occur in

A

cerebral arteries

53
Q

fusiform aneurysms usually occur in

A

distal abdominal aorta

54
Q

dissecting aneurysms usually occur in

A

aortic arch

55
Q

aneurysms can be seen by

A

angiography or ultrasonography

56
Q

aneurysms are treated by surgery if greater than

A

4.5 cm

57
Q

arteriosclerotic heart disease is also known as

A

cardiovascular disease

58
Q

with arteriosclerotic heart disease, coronary artery bypass grafting is down when

A

disease affects heart vessels

59
Q

with arteriosclerotic heart disease, hypertension will

A

accelerate plaque

60
Q

continual plaque buildup with arteriosclerotic heart disease will result in

A

myocardial infarction

61
Q

congestive heart failure may affect

A

either right or left side of heart

62
Q

with congestive heart failure, if one side fails

A

the other tries to compensate

63
Q

congestive heart failure is often accompanied by

A

pleural effusion

64
Q

classic signs of congestive heart failure

A

diffuse cardiomegaly and cephalization in lower lung zones

65
Q

most common cause of CHF

A

hypertensive heart disease

66
Q

what causes hypertensive heart disease

A

hypertension

67
Q

hypertensive heart disease causes

A

narrowing of systemic blood vessels

68
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of any of the chambers of the heart

69
Q

pericardial effusion

A

fluid in the pericardial sac

70
Q

pericardial effusion is caused by

A

tuberculosis or viral infection

71
Q

pericardial effusion is best demonstrated by

A

ultrasonography

72
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

scarring deformity of heart valves

73
Q

rheumatic heart disease is caused by

A

multiple episodes of rheumatic fever

74
Q

most common sign of rheumatic heart disease

A

mitral valve calcification

75
Q

valvular disease

A

valve that will not operate normally

76
Q

valvular disease is usually caused by

A

acute illness

77
Q

with valvular disease, valve is either

A

incompetent or insufficient

78
Q

subacute bacterial endocarditis is caused by

A

bacterial organisms living on heart valves

79
Q

subacute bacterial endocarditis produces

A

an inflammatory reaction

80
Q

echocardiography visualizes

A

chambers of the heart and valves

81
Q

echocardiography determines

A

septal defects and pericardial effusion

82
Q

carotid duplex scanning is performed to

A

assess blood flow of carotid artery

83
Q

what is a good method for assessing obstructions in lymph system causing edema

A

ultrasonography

84
Q

what is excellent to visualize thoracic or abdominal aneurysms and also any obstructions in lymph system

A

CT/MRI

85
Q

MRA is

A

form of MRI done for aneurysms

86
Q

MRI allows evaluation of aortic root better than

A

CT

87
Q

gated heart studies are done to

A

watch heart wall motion

88
Q

nuclear medicine scans show blood flow to

A

areas of infarct, ischemia, and shunts

89
Q

angiography

A

general term for study of blood vessels

90
Q

different types of angiography are

A

arteriography, aortography, venography, and angiocardiography

91
Q

percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

A

uses balloon catheter on patients who suffer from arteriosclerosis

92
Q

endovascular stent graft

A

repair of an aneurysm; catheter with a stent is inserted into area of aneurysm and inflated and left in place for blood to drain through opening

93
Q

causal factors to include age of atherosclerosis

A

as early as 20s; high cholesterol

94
Q

manifestations of atherosclerosis

A

narrowing of vessel

95
Q

radiographic appearance of atherosclerosis

A

a slight increase in opacity but not due to calcium

96
Q

causal factors to include age of arteriosclerosis

A

elderly; latter stages of atherosclerosis

97
Q

manifestations of arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of vessel wall

98
Q

radiographic appearance of arteriosclerosis

A

calcification of vessel wall

99
Q

causal factors to include age of coarctation of aorta

A

congenital; narrowing of aorta

100
Q

manifestations of coarctation of aorta

A

hypertension or hypotension

101
Q

radiographic appearance of coarctation of aorta

A

rib-notching

102
Q

c

A
103
Q

manifestations of atrial septal defect

A

frequent pulmonary infections

104
Q

radiographic appearance of atrial septal defect

A

enlarged right atrium and ventricle

105
Q

causal factors to include age of ventricular septal defect

A

congenital

106
Q

manifestations of ventricular septal defect

A

heart murmur

107
Q

radiographic appearance of ventricular septal defect

A

enlarged left atrium and ventricle

108
Q

causal factors to include age of patent arterial duct

A

congenital

109
Q

manifestations of patent arterial duct

A

asymptomatic

110
Q

radiographic appearance of patent arterial duct

A

enlarged left atrium and ventricle

111
Q

causal factors to include age of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital

112
Q

manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

cyanosis

113
Q

radiographic appearance of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Coeur en sabot

114
Q

manifestations of aneurysms

A

usually asymptomatic

115
Q

radiographic appearance of aneurysms

A

rapid increase in heart size

116
Q

manifestations of rheumatic heart disease

A

endocarditis

117
Q

radiographic appearance of rheumatic heart disease

A

calcified mitral valve, Kerley B lines

S4: Radiographic Pathology (34 decks)

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