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S4: Radiographic Pathology > Chapter 8 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four important valves

A

mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic semilunar valve, and pulmonary valve

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2
Q

mitral valve is also known as

A

left atrioventricular or bicuspid

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3
Q

tricuspid valve is also known as

A

right arterioventricular

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4
Q

the aortic semilunar valve is between

A

aorta and left ventricle

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5
Q

pulmonary valve is between

A

pulmonary trunk and right ventricle

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6
Q

what is the major artery

A

aorta

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7
Q

what is the major vein

A

inferior vena cava

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8
Q

describe arteries to veins

A

arteries become arterioles, then capillaries, then venules, and finally veins

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9
Q

major organs of lymphatic system

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, and adenoids

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10
Q

lymph vessels begin as lymph capillaries known as

A

lymphatics

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11
Q

lymphatics are

A

the collecting vessels

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12
Q

lymph nodes are

A

found in path of lymphatics and are the filters

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13
Q

blood flows from inferior vena cava and superior vena cava into

A

right atrium

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14
Q

blood flows from right atrium

A

through tricuspid valve into right ventricle

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15
Q

blood flows from right ventricle

A

through pulmonary valve into lungs

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16
Q

blood picks up oxygen from capillaries around alveoli and returns to

A

left atrium via pulmonary veins

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17
Q

blood flows from left atrium

A

through mitral valve into left ventricle

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18
Q

blood flows from left ventricle

A

through aortic valve and into aorta to the body

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19
Q

how many branches off the aortic arch send blood to upper body, while the rest goes to lower body

A

three branches

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20
Q

blood gives off oxygen when

A

in the capillaries of the tissues

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21
Q

blood of abdominal digestive organs go through

A

portal circulation to be detoxified

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22
Q

after portal circulation, blood goes to

A

right atrium for pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

the lymphatic system plays a major role in immunity by

A

producing lymphocytes and antibodies; initiating phagocytosis; producing blood when other ways are compromised

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24
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

narrowing of aorta causing left ventricle enlargement

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25
two types of coarctation of aorta
adult and juvenile
26
which type of coarctation of aorta is most common
adult
27
adult coarctation of aorta signs include
hypertension, dilated aortic arch, and rib-notching
28
shunts are from
high (systemic) to low (pulmonary)
29
shunts allow
unoxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix
30
ASD is
hold in septum between atria
31
what is the most common shunt
ASD
32
signs of ASD
pulmonary blood flow is increased and right ventricle enlargement
33
VSD is
hole in septum between ventricles
34
VSD is more serious than ASD because
pressure is greater in ventricles than in atria
35
VSD shows
left-sided heart enlargement
36
sign of VSD if opening is small
heart murmur
37
sign of VSD if opening is large
breathing difficulties
38
patent arterial duct is common in
premature infants
39
patent arterial duct is uncommon in
full-term births
40
with a patent arterial duct, blood is shunted from
aorta to pulmonary arteries and back to lungs
41
with patent arterial duct
lungs become overloaded with blood and heart is overworked to balance oxygen supply and demand
42
what do chest images show with patent arterial duct
enlarged left ventricle
43
a patent arterial duct must be closed off if
does not heal within a few weeks of birth
44
what four conditions must exist with Tetralogy of Fallot
pulmonary stenosis; VSD; right ventricle enlargement; and aortic displacement
45
what is most common cause of "blue baby"
Tetralogy of Fallot
46
Tetralogy of Fallot shunt is a
right-to-left shunt
47
what happens with Tetralogy of Fallot
not enough blood goes to lungs to receive oxygen, so heart pumps harder
48
classic sign of Tetralogy of Fallot
Coeur en sabot or wooden shoe
49
aneurysm in the abdominal aorta is most likely caused by
atherosclerosis
50
what is false aneurysm
pulsating hematoma
51
what are the three types of aneurysms
saccular, fusiform, and dissecting
52
saccular aneurysms usually occur in
cerebral arteries
53
fusiform aneurysms usually occur in
distal abdominal aorta
54
dissecting aneurysms usually occur in
aortic arch
55
aneurysms can be seen by
angiography or ultrasonography
56
aneurysms are treated by surgery if greater than
4.5 cm
57
arteriosclerotic heart disease is also known as
cardiovascular disease
58
with arteriosclerotic heart disease, coronary artery bypass grafting is down when
disease affects heart vessels
59
with arteriosclerotic heart disease, hypertension will
accelerate plaque
60
continual plaque buildup with arteriosclerotic heart disease will result in
myocardial infarction
61
congestive heart failure may affect
either right or left side of heart
62
with congestive heart failure, if one side fails
the other tries to compensate
63
congestive heart failure is often accompanied by
pleural effusion
64
classic signs of congestive heart failure
diffuse cardiomegaly and cephalization in lower lung zones
65
most common cause of CHF
hypertensive heart disease
66
what causes hypertensive heart disease
hypertension
67
hypertensive heart disease causes
narrowing of systemic blood vessels
68
hypertrophy
enlargement of any of the chambers of the heart
69
pericardial effusion
fluid in the pericardial sac
70
pericardial effusion is caused by
tuberculosis or viral infection
71
pericardial effusion is best demonstrated by
ultrasonography
72
rheumatic heart disease
scarring deformity of heart valves
73
rheumatic heart disease is caused by
multiple episodes of rheumatic fever
74
most common sign of rheumatic heart disease
mitral valve calcification
75
valvular disease
valve that will not operate normally
76
valvular disease is usually caused by
acute illness
77
with valvular disease, valve is either
incompetent or insufficient
78
subacute bacterial endocarditis is caused by
bacterial organisms living on heart valves
79
subacute bacterial endocarditis produces
an inflammatory reaction
80
echocardiography visualizes
chambers of the heart and valves
81
echocardiography determines
septal defects and pericardial effusion
82
carotid duplex scanning is performed to
assess blood flow of carotid artery
83
what is a good method for assessing obstructions in lymph system causing edema
ultrasonography
84
what is excellent to visualize thoracic or abdominal aneurysms and also any obstructions in lymph system
CT/MRI
85
MRA is
form of MRI done for aneurysms
86
MRI allows evaluation of aortic root better than
CT
87
gated heart studies are done to
watch heart wall motion
88
nuclear medicine scans show blood flow to
areas of infarct, ischemia, and shunts
89
angiography
general term for study of blood vessels
90
different types of angiography are
arteriography, aortography, venography, and angiocardiography
91
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
uses balloon catheter on patients who suffer from arteriosclerosis
92
endovascular stent graft
repair of an aneurysm; catheter with a stent is inserted into area of aneurysm and inflated and left in place for blood to drain through opening
93
causal factors to include age of atherosclerosis
as early as 20s; high cholesterol
94
manifestations of atherosclerosis
narrowing of vessel
95
radiographic appearance of atherosclerosis
a slight increase in opacity but not due to calcium
96
causal factors to include age of arteriosclerosis
elderly; latter stages of atherosclerosis
97
manifestations of arteriosclerosis
hardening of vessel wall
98
radiographic appearance of arteriosclerosis
calcification of vessel wall
99
causal factors to include age of coarctation of aorta
congenital; narrowing of aorta
100
manifestations of coarctation of aorta
hypertension or hypotension
101
radiographic appearance of coarctation of aorta
rib-notching
102
c
103
manifestations of atrial septal defect
frequent pulmonary infections
104
radiographic appearance of atrial septal defect
enlarged right atrium and ventricle
105
causal factors to include age of ventricular septal defect
congenital
106
manifestations of ventricular septal defect
heart murmur
107
radiographic appearance of ventricular septal defect
enlarged left atrium and ventricle
108
causal factors to include age of patent arterial duct
congenital
109
manifestations of patent arterial duct
asymptomatic
110
radiographic appearance of patent arterial duct
enlarged left atrium and ventricle
111
causal factors to include age of Tetralogy of Fallot
congenital
112
manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot
cyanosis
113
radiographic appearance of Tetralogy of Fallot
Coeur en sabot
114
manifestations of aneurysms
usually asymptomatic
115
radiographic appearance of aneurysms
rapid increase in heart size
116
manifestations of rheumatic heart disease
endocarditis
117
radiographic appearance of rheumatic heart disease
calcified mitral valve, Kerley B lines

S4: Radiographic Pathology (34 decks)

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