Chapter 8 Notes Flashcards
what are the four important valves
mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic semilunar valve, and pulmonary valve
mitral valve is also known as
left atrioventricular or bicuspid
tricuspid valve is also known as
right arterioventricular
the aortic semilunar valve is between
aorta and left ventricle
pulmonary valve is between
pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
what is the major artery
aorta
what is the major vein
inferior vena cava
describe arteries to veins
arteries become arterioles, then capillaries, then venules, and finally veins
major organs of lymphatic system
spleen, thymus, tonsils, and adenoids
lymph vessels begin as lymph capillaries known as
lymphatics
lymphatics are
the collecting vessels
lymph nodes are
found in path of lymphatics and are the filters
blood flows from inferior vena cava and superior vena cava into
right atrium
blood flows from right atrium
through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
blood flows from right ventricle
through pulmonary valve into lungs
blood picks up oxygen from capillaries around alveoli and returns to
left atrium via pulmonary veins
blood flows from left atrium
through mitral valve into left ventricle
blood flows from left ventricle
through aortic valve and into aorta to the body
how many branches off the aortic arch send blood to upper body, while the rest goes to lower body
three branches
blood gives off oxygen when
in the capillaries of the tissues
blood of abdominal digestive organs go through
portal circulation to be detoxified
after portal circulation, blood goes to
right atrium for pulmonary circulation
the lymphatic system plays a major role in immunity by
producing lymphocytes and antibodies; initiating phagocytosis; producing blood when other ways are compromised
coarctation of aorta
narrowing of aorta causing left ventricle enlargement
two types of coarctation of aorta
adult and juvenile
which type of coarctation of aorta is most common
adult
adult coarctation of aorta signs include
hypertension, dilated aortic arch, and rib-notching
shunts are from
high (systemic) to low (pulmonary)
shunts allow
unoxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix
ASD is
hold in septum between atria
what is the most common shunt
ASD
signs of ASD
pulmonary blood flow is increased and right ventricle enlargement
VSD is
hole in septum between ventricles
VSD is more serious than ASD because
pressure is greater in ventricles than in atria
VSD shows
left-sided heart enlargement
sign of VSD if opening is small
heart murmur
sign of VSD if opening is large
breathing difficulties
patent arterial duct is common in
premature infants
patent arterial duct is uncommon in
full-term births
with a patent arterial duct, blood is shunted from
aorta to pulmonary arteries and back to lungs
with patent arterial duct
lungs become overloaded with blood and heart is overworked to balance oxygen supply and demand
what do chest images show with patent arterial duct
enlarged left ventricle
a patent arterial duct must be closed off if
does not heal within a few weeks of birth
what four conditions must exist with Tetralogy of Fallot
pulmonary stenosis; VSD; right ventricle enlargement; and aortic displacement
what is most common cause of “blue baby”
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot shunt is a
right-to-left shunt
what happens with Tetralogy of Fallot
not enough blood goes to lungs to receive oxygen, so heart pumps harder
classic sign of Tetralogy of Fallot
Coeur en sabot or wooden shoe
aneurysm in the abdominal aorta is most likely caused by
atherosclerosis
what is false aneurysm
pulsating hematoma
what are the three types of aneurysms
saccular, fusiform, and dissecting
saccular aneurysms usually occur in
cerebral arteries
fusiform aneurysms usually occur in
distal abdominal aorta
dissecting aneurysms usually occur in
aortic arch
aneurysms can be seen by
angiography or ultrasonography
aneurysms are treated by surgery if greater than
4.5 cm
arteriosclerotic heart disease is also known as
cardiovascular disease
with arteriosclerotic heart disease, coronary artery bypass grafting is down when
disease affects heart vessels
with arteriosclerotic heart disease, hypertension will
accelerate plaque
continual plaque buildup with arteriosclerotic heart disease will result in
myocardial infarction
congestive heart failure may affect
either right or left side of heart
with congestive heart failure, if one side fails
the other tries to compensate
congestive heart failure is often accompanied by
pleural effusion
classic signs of congestive heart failure
diffuse cardiomegaly and cephalization in lower lung zones
most common cause of CHF
hypertensive heart disease
what causes hypertensive heart disease
hypertension
hypertensive heart disease causes
narrowing of systemic blood vessels
hypertrophy
enlargement of any of the chambers of the heart
pericardial effusion
fluid in the pericardial sac
pericardial effusion is caused by
tuberculosis or viral infection
pericardial effusion is best demonstrated by
ultrasonography
rheumatic heart disease
scarring deformity of heart valves
rheumatic heart disease is caused by
multiple episodes of rheumatic fever
most common sign of rheumatic heart disease
mitral valve calcification
valvular disease
valve that will not operate normally
valvular disease is usually caused by
acute illness
with valvular disease, valve is either
incompetent or insufficient
subacute bacterial endocarditis is caused by
bacterial organisms living on heart valves
subacute bacterial endocarditis produces
an inflammatory reaction
echocardiography visualizes
chambers of the heart and valves
echocardiography determines
septal defects and pericardial effusion
carotid duplex scanning is performed to
assess blood flow of carotid artery
what is a good method for assessing obstructions in lymph system causing edema
ultrasonography
what is excellent to visualize thoracic or abdominal aneurysms and also any obstructions in lymph system
CT/MRI
MRA is
form of MRI done for aneurysms
MRI allows evaluation of aortic root better than
CT
gated heart studies are done to
watch heart wall motion
nuclear medicine scans show blood flow to
areas of infarct, ischemia, and shunts
angiography
general term for study of blood vessels
different types of angiography are
arteriography, aortography, venography, and angiocardiography
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
uses balloon catheter on patients who suffer from arteriosclerosis
endovascular stent graft
repair of an aneurysm; catheter with a stent is inserted into area of aneurysm and inflated and left in place for blood to drain through opening
causal factors to include age of atherosclerosis
as early as 20s; high cholesterol
manifestations of atherosclerosis
narrowing of vessel
radiographic appearance of atherosclerosis
a slight increase in opacity but not due to calcium
causal factors to include age of arteriosclerosis
elderly; latter stages of atherosclerosis
manifestations of arteriosclerosis
hardening of vessel wall
radiographic appearance of arteriosclerosis
calcification of vessel wall
causal factors to include age of coarctation of aorta
congenital; narrowing of aorta
manifestations of coarctation of aorta
hypertension or hypotension
radiographic appearance of coarctation of aorta
rib-notching
c
manifestations of atrial septal defect
frequent pulmonary infections
radiographic appearance of atrial septal defect
enlarged right atrium and ventricle
causal factors to include age of ventricular septal defect
congenital
manifestations of ventricular septal defect
heart murmur
radiographic appearance of ventricular septal defect
enlarged left atrium and ventricle
causal factors to include age of patent arterial duct
congenital
manifestations of patent arterial duct
asymptomatic
radiographic appearance of patent arterial duct
enlarged left atrium and ventricle
causal factors to include age of Tetralogy of Fallot
congenital
manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot
cyanosis
radiographic appearance of Tetralogy of Fallot
Coeur en sabot
manifestations of aneurysms
usually asymptomatic
radiographic appearance of aneurysms
rapid increase in heart size
manifestations of rheumatic heart disease
endocarditis
radiographic appearance of rheumatic heart disease
calcified mitral valve, Kerley B lines
