Chapter 1 Objectives Flashcards
define structural disease
involves physical and biochemical changes within the cell
define functional disease
diseases in which the function of the organ may be impaired, but its structural elements are unchanged; the basic change is a physiologic or functional one and is referred to as a pathophysiologic change
list two examples of structural disease
hyperplasia and neoplasia
list one example of functional disease
functional bowel syndrome
name three internal causes of disease
vascular, immunologic, and metabolic diseases
name three external causes of disease
mechanical (physical), chemical, and microbiologic
describe acute injury
has a sudden onset and is severe although short-lived
list one example of acute injury
sprain
describe chronic injury
an injury that occurs several times
list two examples of chronic injury
a shoulder that dislocated repeatedly and shin splints
list four types of atrophy
senile, disuse, pressure, and endocrine
describe the four types of atrophy
senile atrophy occurs with age and involves shrinkage of the brain tissue (memory is impaired); disuse atrophy occurs when a body part is not used; pressure atrophy is a result of steady pressure on tissue; endocrine atrophy is caused by decreased hormonal production
list the five signs of acute inflammation
red skin (rubor), swelling (edema), heat at the site (calor), pain (dolor), and loss of function
differentiate between thrombus and embolus
a thrombus can narrow the vessel, causing vascular insufficiency; any particulate matter that moves through a vessel is an embolus (including a dislodged thrombus)
describe the two types of body repair mechanisms
primary union is regeneration, which allows the original structure and function to be duplicated and restored; secondary union creates scar tissue where the original structure and function of the tissue is not restored
list the fundamental tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
define growth disturbances
a departure from normal tissue growth caused by the multiplication of cells
list two examples of benign and malignant growth disturbances
examples of benign growth disturbances are angioma and myoma; examples of malignant growth disturbances are osteosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma
differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasm
hyperplasia is an exaggerated response to various stimuli in the form of an increase in the number of cells in the tissue; neoplasm means new growth and occurs when cell division does not progress in the usual pattern
list the ways through which cancer spreads
lymphatic, seeding, and hematogenous
define grading of a tumor
the process of determining the degree of differentiation, and thus the degree of malignancy
define staging of a tumor
process where the size of tumors at the primary site and the presence of any metastasis are evaluated
name four different types of cancers and explain where they originate from
carcinomas originate from epithelial tissue; sarcomas originate from non-epithelial tissue; lymphoma originates in the lymphatic system; leukemia is malignancy of the blood and related organs
