Chapter 1 Objectives

Question 1

define structural disease

Answer 1

involves physical and biochemical changes within the cell

Question 2

define functional disease

Answer 2

diseases in which the function of the organ may be impaired, but its structural elements are unchanged; the basic change is a physiologic or functional one and is referred to as a pathophysiologic change

Question 3

list two examples of structural disease

Answer 3

hyperplasia and neoplasia

Question 4

list one example of functional disease

Answer 4

functional bowel syndrome

Question 5

name three internal causes of disease

Answer 5

vascular, immunologic, and metabolic diseases

Question 6

name three external causes of disease

Answer 6

mechanical (physical), chemical, and microbiologic

Question 7

describe acute injury

Answer 7

has a sudden onset and is severe although short-lived

Question 8

list one example of acute injury

Answer 8

sprain

Question 9

describe chronic injury

Answer 9

an injury that occurs several times

Question 10

list two examples of chronic injury

Answer 10

a shoulder that dislocated repeatedly and shin splints

Question 11

list four types of atrophy

Answer 11

senile, disuse, pressure, and endocrine

Question 12

describe the four types of atrophy

Answer 12

senile atrophy occurs with age and involves shrinkage of the brain tissue (memory is impaired); disuse atrophy occurs when a body part is not used; pressure atrophy is a result of steady pressure on tissue; endocrine atrophy is caused by decreased hormonal production

Question 13

list the five signs of acute inflammation

Answer 13

red skin (rubor), swelling (edema), heat at the site (calor), pain (dolor), and loss of function

Question 14

differentiate between thrombus and embolus

Answer 14

a thrombus can narrow the vessel, causing vascular insufficiency; any particulate matter that moves through a vessel is an embolus (including a dislodged thrombus)

Question 15

describe the two types of body repair mechanisms

Answer 15

primary union is regeneration, which allows the original structure and function to be duplicated and restored; secondary union creates scar tissue where the original structure and function of the tissue is not restored

Question 16

list the fundamental tissues

Answer 16

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

Question 17

define growth disturbances

Answer 17

a departure from normal tissue growth caused by the multiplication of cells

Question 18

list two examples of benign and malignant growth disturbances

Answer 18

examples of benign growth disturbances are angioma and myoma; examples of malignant growth disturbances are osteosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma

Question 19

differentiate between hyperplasia and neoplasm

Answer 19

hyperplasia is an exaggerated response to various stimuli in the form of an increase in the number of cells in the tissue; neoplasm means new growth and occurs when cell division does not progress in the usual pattern

Question 20

list the ways through which cancer spreads

Answer 20

lymphatic, seeding, and hematogenous

Question 21

define grading of a tumor

Answer 21

the process of determining the degree of differentiation, and thus the degree of malignancy

Question 22

define staging of a tumor

Answer 22

process where the size of tumors at the primary site and the presence of any metastasis are evaluated

Question 23

name four different types of cancers and explain where they originate from

Answer 23

carcinomas originate from epithelial tissue; sarcomas originate from non-epithelial tissue; lymphoma originates in the lymphatic system; leukemia is malignancy of the blood and related organs