Chapter 1 WB

Question 1

factors to be considered in making a diagnosis include evaluations of the patient known as _____ and analysis of specimens known as a _____

Answer 1

procedures; test

Question 2

physical and/or biochemical changes within a cell are called _____

Answer 2

structural disease (organic)

Question 3

sublethal cell injury is also known as _____

Answer 3

degeneration

Question 4

direct physical injury by an object is called _____

Answer 4

trauma

Question 5

the leading internal cause of structural disease is _____

Answer 5

vascular insufficiency

Question 6

name the two categories of growth distrubances

Answer 6

hyperplasia and neoplasms

Question 7

T/F: disease may affect only one organ but it may also affect another one in a secondary manner

Answer 7

true

Question 8

T/F: a barium enema is a test

Answer 8

false (procedure)

Question 9

T/F: the function of an organ may be impaired yet there may be no structural defects

Answer 9

true

Question 10

T/F: arrhythmia (irregular heart beat) is a sign

Answer 10

true

Question 11

T/F: two classifications of disease are structural and organic

Answer 11

false (structural and functional)

Question 12

T/F: an allergic disease is a functional disease

Answer 12

false (immunologic)

Question 13

T/F: radiation is an example of a physical disease-causing agent

Answer 13

true

Question 14

T/F: the leading cause of death resulting from vascular insufficiency is a myocardial infarct

Answer 14

true

Question 15

T/F: the more highly differentiated a tumor is, the less the degree of malignancy

Answer 15

true

Question 16

T/F: hereditary diseases result from developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to child

Answer 16

true

Question 17

which disease process affects the body’s ability to fight disease?

Answer 17

immunologic

Question 18

a localized collection of pus is called a(n)

Answer 18

abscess

Question 19

ratio of sick to well persons in a given area is caled

Answer 19

morbidity rate

Question 20

internal mechanisms for injury include
1. vascular insufficiency
2. immunologic reactions
3. metabolic disturbances

Answer 20

1, 2, and 3

Question 21

external causes of disease include
1. physical
2. chemical
3. microbiologic

Answer 21

1, 2, and 3

Question 22

memory impairment occurs with which type of atrophy?

Answer 22

senile

Question 23

chronic inflammations include
1. asthma
2. hay fever
3.peritonitis

Answer 23

1 and 2

Question 24

the spread of malignant tumor cells to a distant site is known as

Answer 24

metastasis

Question 25

which of the following is not a local manifestation of inflammation?

Answer 25

leukocytosis

Question 26

inflammation 1. destroys injurious agents 2. stimulates and enhances immunity 3. promotes healing

Answer 26

1 and 3

Question 27

scar tissue is

Answer 27

regenerated tissue formed in the area of injury

Question 28

which cell type is least able to replace itself?

Answer 28

nerve and muscle

Question 29

the inflammatory response

Answer 29

minimizes injury and promotes healing

Question 30

mass characterized by the reproductive capability of the cell

Answer 30

growth disturbance

Question 31

predicted course of a disease and the prospects for recovery

Answer 31

prognosis

Question 32

an increase in the number of cells in tissue

Answer 32

hyperplasia

Question 33

a cell changing from normal to abnormal

Answer 33

metaplasia

Question 34

a traveling thrombus

Answer 34

embolus

Question 35

progressive wasting away of a body part resulting in loss of function

Answer 35

atrophy

Question 36

digestion of bacteria by leukocytes

Answer 36

phagocytosis

Question 37

clear serum fluid

Answer 37

transudate

Question 38

thick cloudy fluid

Answer 38

exudate

Question 39

death of cells

Answer 39

necrosis

Question 40

adverse reactions while under the care of a physician

Answer 40

iatrogenic

Question 41

acquired from a hospital environment

Answer 41

nosocomial

Question 42

lack of oxygen

Answer 42

anoxia

Question 43

reduced oxygen

Answer 43

hypoxia

Question 44

study of disease

Answer 44

pathology

Question 45

study of the cause of disease

Answer 45

etiology

Question 46

sequence showing what a disease is

Answer 46

pathogenesis

Question 47

lack of blood in the muscle

Answer 47

ischemia

Question 48

area of dead or necrotic muscle tissue

Answer 48

infarct

Question 49

analysis of a specimen

Answer 49

test

Question 50

abnormal change in the body

Answer 50

disease process

Question 51

increase in cell size

Answer 51

hypertrophy

Question 52

number of people with a disease at a point in time

Answer 52

prevalence

Question 53

occurrence of a pathologic process measured over a given period of time

Answer 53

frequency

Question 54

determination of what the disease is

Answer 54

diagnosis

Question 55

name the three external causes of disease and explain each

Answer 55

1. mechanical (physical): trauma, extreme heat and cold, electricity, atmospheric pressure, and radiation 2. chemical: poisoning and drug reactions 3. microbiologic: infections

Question 56

name the three internal causes of disease and explain each

Answer 56

1. vascular: obstruction, bleeding, or altered blood flow 2. immunologic: caused by problems with immune system 3. metabolic: biochemical disorders (functional activities of cells)

Question 57

name the four types of atrophy encountered and define each what type of injury is associated with some types of atrophy?

Answer 57

1. senile: occurs with age and involves shrinkage of brain tissue and memory is impaired 2. disuse: when a body part is not used (ex: casted leg) 3. pressure: result of steady pressure on tissue (ex: bedsores) 4. endocrine: caused by decreased hormonal production (ex: during menopause, estrogen and progesterone are no longer produced, causing uterus and ovaries to shrink)

Question 58

list the four clinical cardinal symptoms of acute inflammation how does inflammation allow healing to begin?

Answer 58

1. red skin (rubor) 2. swelling (edema) 3. heat at the site (calor) 4. pain (dolar) during inflammation, leukocytes attack the cellular debris and clean the site (phagocytosis) inflammation serves to protect and defend by attempting to neutralize and destroy injurious agents

Question 59

list the three ways through which malignant neoplasms disseminate to distant sites of the body explain how each of these happen

Answer 59

1. lymphatic: cells travel through lymph system to other areas; when lymph node is too small, the tumor cells plant at that site (most common) 2. seeding: is a diffuse spread of tumor cells; invades a body cavity by penetration 3. hematogenous: occurs when cells penetrate blood vessels and are then sent into the circulatory system; when trapped in smaller vascular channels, cells pass through vessel wall and into tissue, mulitplying