Chapter 1 WB Flashcards
factors to be considered in making a diagnosis include evaluations of the patient known as _____ and analysis of specimens known as a _____
procedures; test
physical and/or biochemical changes within a cell are called _____
structural disease (organic)
sublethal cell injury is also known as _____
degeneration
direct physical injury by an object is called _____
trauma
the leading internal cause of structural disease is _____
vascular insufficiency
name the two categories of growth distrubances
hyperplasia and neoplasms
T/F: disease may affect only one organ but it may also affect another one in a secondary manner
true
T/F: a barium enema is a test
false (procedure)
T/F: the function of an organ may be impaired yet there may be no structural defects
true
T/F: arrhythmia (irregular heart beat) is a sign
true
T/F: two classifications of disease are structural and organic
false (structural and functional)
T/F: an allergic disease is a functional disease
false (immunologic)
T/F: radiation is an example of a physical disease-causing agent
true
T/F: the leading cause of death resulting from vascular insufficiency is a myocardial infarct
true
T/F: the more highly differentiated a tumor is, the less the degree of malignancy
true
T/F: hereditary diseases result from developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to child
true
which disease process affects the body’s ability to fight disease?
immunologic
a localized collection of pus is called a(n)
abscess
ratio of sick to well persons in a given area is caled
morbidity rate
internal mechanisms for injury include
1. vascular insufficiency
2. immunologic reactions
3. metabolic disturbances
1, 2, and 3
external causes of disease include
1. physical
2. chemical
3. microbiologic
1, 2, and 3
memory impairment occurs with which type of atrophy?
senile
chronic inflammations include
1. asthma
2. hay fever
3.peritonitis
1 and 2
the spread of malignant tumor cells to a distant site is known as
metastasis
which of the following is not a local manifestation of inflammation?
leukocytosis
inflammation
1. destroys injurious agents
2. stimulates and enhances immunity
3. promotes healing
1 and 3
scar tissue is
regenerated tissue formed in the area of injury
which cell type is least able to replace itself?
nerve and muscle
the inflammatory response
minimizes injury and promotes healing
mass characterized by the reproductive capability of the cell
growth disturbance
predicted course of a disease and the prospects for recovery
prognosis
an increase in the number of cells in tissue
hyperplasia
a cell changing from normal to abnormal
metaplasia
a traveling thrombus
embolus
progressive wasting away of a body part resulting in loss of function
atrophy
digestion of bacteria by leukocytes
phagocytosis
clear serum fluid
transudate
thick cloudy fluid
exudate
death of cells
necrosis
adverse reactions while under the care of a physician
iatrogenic
acquired from a hospital environment
nosocomial
lack of oxygen
anoxia
reduced oxygen
hypoxia
study of disease
pathology
study of the cause of disease
etiology
sequence showing what a disease is
pathogenesis
lack of blood in the muscle
ischemia
area of dead or necrotic muscle tissue
infarct
analysis of a specimen
test
abnormal change in the body
disease process
increase in cell size
hypertrophy
number of people with a disease at a point in time
prevalence
occurrence of a pathologic process measured over a given period of time
frequency
determination of what the disease is
diagnosis
name the three external causes of disease and explain each
- mechanical (physical): trauma, extreme heat and cold, electricity, atmospheric pressure, and radiation
- chemical: poisoning and drug reactions
- microbiologic: infections
name the three internal causes of disease and explain each
- vascular: obstruction, bleeding, or altered blood flow
- immunologic: caused by problems with immune system
- metabolic: biochemical disorders (functional activities of cells)
name the four types of atrophy encountered and define each
what type of injury is associated with some types of atrophy?
- senile: occurs with age and involves shrinkage of brain tissue and memory is impaired
- disuse: when a body part is not used (ex: casted leg)
- pressure: result of steady pressure on tissue (ex: bedsores)
- endocrine: caused by decreased hormonal production (ex: during menopause, estrogen and progesterone are no longer produced, causing uterus and ovaries to shrink)
list the four clinical cardinal symptoms of acute inflammation
how does inflammation allow healing to begin?
- red skin (rubor)
- swelling (edema)
- heat at the site (calor)
- pain (dolar)
during inflammation, leukocytes attack the cellular debris and clean the site (phagocytosis)
inflammation serves to protect and defend by attempting to neutralize and destroy injurious agents
list the three ways through which malignant neoplasms disseminate to distant sites of the body
explain how each of these happen
- lymphatic: cells travel through lymph system to other areas; when lymph node is too small, the tumor cells plant at that site (most common)
- seeding: is a diffuse spread of tumor cells; invades a body cavity by penetration
- hematogenous: occurs when cells penetrate blood vessels and are then sent into the circulatory system; when trapped in smaller vascular channels, cells pass through vessel wall and into tissue, mulitplying
