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S4: Radiographic Pathology > Chapter 1 WB > Flashcards

Chapter 1 WB Flashcards

1
Q

factors to be considered in making a diagnosis include evaluations of the patient known as _____ and analysis of specimens known as a _____

A

procedures; test

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2
Q

physical and/or biochemical changes within a cell are called _____

A

structural disease (organic)

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3
Q

sublethal cell injury is also known as _____

A

degeneration

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4
Q

direct physical injury by an object is called _____

A

trauma

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5
Q

the leading internal cause of structural disease is _____

A

vascular insufficiency

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6
Q

name the two categories of growth distrubances

A

hyperplasia and neoplasms

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7
Q

T/F: disease may affect only one organ but it may also affect another one in a secondary manner

A

true

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8
Q

T/F: a barium enema is a test

A

false (procedure)

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9
Q

T/F: the function of an organ may be impaired yet there may be no structural defects

A

true

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10
Q

T/F: arrhythmia (irregular heart beat) is a sign

A

true

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11
Q

T/F: two classifications of disease are structural and organic

A

false (structural and functional)

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12
Q

T/F: an allergic disease is a functional disease

A

false (immunologic)

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13
Q

T/F: radiation is an example of a physical disease-causing agent

A

true

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14
Q

T/F: the leading cause of death resulting from vascular insufficiency is a myocardial infarct

A

true

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15
Q

T/F: the more highly differentiated a tumor is, the less the degree of malignancy

A

true

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16
Q

T/F: hereditary diseases result from developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to child

A

true

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17
Q

which disease process affects the body’s ability to fight disease?

A

immunologic

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18
Q

a localized collection of pus is called a(n)

A

abscess

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19
Q

ratio of sick to well persons in a given area is caled

A

morbidity rate

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20
Q

internal mechanisms for injury include
1. vascular insufficiency
2. immunologic reactions
3. metabolic disturbances

A

1, 2, and 3

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21
Q

external causes of disease include
1. physical
2. chemical
3. microbiologic

A

1, 2, and 3

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22
Q

memory impairment occurs with which type of atrophy?

A

senile

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23
Q

chronic inflammations include
1. asthma
2. hay fever
3.peritonitis

A

1 and 2

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24
Q

the spread of malignant tumor cells to a distant site is known as

A

metastasis

25
Q

which of the following is not a local manifestation of inflammation?

A

leukocytosis

26
Q

inflammation
1. destroys injurious agents
2. stimulates and enhances immunity
3. promotes healing

A

1 and 3

27
Q

scar tissue is

A

regenerated tissue formed in the area of injury

28
Q

which cell type is least able to replace itself?

A

nerve and muscle

29
Q

the inflammatory response

A

minimizes injury and promotes healing

30
Q

mass characterized by the reproductive capability of the cell

A

growth disturbance

31
Q

predicted course of a disease and the prospects for recovery

A

prognosis

32
Q

an increase in the number of cells in tissue

A

hyperplasia

33
Q

a cell changing from normal to abnormal

A

metaplasia

34
Q

a traveling thrombus

A

embolus

35
Q

progressive wasting away of a body part resulting in loss of function

A

atrophy

36
Q

digestion of bacteria by leukocytes

A

phagocytosis

37
Q

clear serum fluid

A

transudate

38
Q

thick cloudy fluid

A

exudate

39
Q

death of cells

A

necrosis

40
Q

adverse reactions while under the care of a physician

A

iatrogenic

41
Q

acquired from a hospital environment

A

nosocomial

42
Q

lack of oxygen

A

anoxia

43
Q

reduced oxygen

A

hypoxia

44
Q

study of disease

A

pathology

45
Q

study of the cause of disease

A

etiology

46
Q

sequence showing what a disease is

A

pathogenesis

47
Q

lack of blood in the muscle

A

ischemia

48
Q

area of dead or necrotic muscle tissue

A

infarct

49
Q

analysis of a specimen

A

test

50
Q

abnormal change in the body

A

disease process

51
Q

increase in cell size

A

hypertrophy

52
Q

number of people with a disease at a point in time

A

prevalence

53
Q

occurrence of a pathologic process measured over a given period of time

A

frequency

54
Q

determination of what the disease is

A

diagnosis

55
Q

name the three external causes of disease and explain each

A
  1. mechanical (physical): trauma, extreme heat and cold, electricity, atmospheric pressure, and radiation
  2. chemical: poisoning and drug reactions
  3. microbiologic: infections
56
Q

name the three internal causes of disease and explain each

A
  1. vascular: obstruction, bleeding, or altered blood flow
  2. immunologic: caused by problems with immune system
  3. metabolic: biochemical disorders (functional activities of cells)
57
Q

name the four types of atrophy encountered and define each
what type of injury is associated with some types of atrophy?

A
  1. senile: occurs with age and involves shrinkage of brain tissue and memory is impaired
  2. disuse: when a body part is not used (ex: casted leg)
  3. pressure: result of steady pressure on tissue (ex: bedsores)
  4. endocrine: caused by decreased hormonal production (ex: during menopause, estrogen and progesterone are no longer produced, causing uterus and ovaries to shrink)
58
Q

list the four clinical cardinal symptoms of acute inflammation
how does inflammation allow healing to begin?

A
  1. red skin (rubor)
  2. swelling (edema)
  3. heat at the site (calor)
  4. pain (dolar)
    during inflammation, leukocytes attack the cellular debris and clean the site (phagocytosis)
    inflammation serves to protect and defend by attempting to neutralize and destroy injurious agents
59
Q

list the three ways through which malignant neoplasms disseminate to distant sites of the body
explain how each of these happen

A
  1. lymphatic: cells travel through lymph system to other areas; when lymph node is too small, the tumor cells plant at that site (most common)
  2. seeding: is a diffuse spread of tumor cells; invades a body cavity by penetration
  3. hematogenous: occurs when cells penetrate blood vessels and are then sent into the circulatory system; when trapped in smaller vascular channels, cells pass through vessel wall and into tissue, mulitplying

S4: Radiographic Pathology (34 decks)

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