Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
sexual reproduction
A
union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell
2
Q
gametes
A
ovum and sperm cells
- produced in the gonads
3
Q
female gonads
A
ovaries
4
Q
male gonads
A
testes
5
Q
each gamete
A
contains 23 chromosomes
6
Q
fertilization
A
ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tubes
7
Q
fertilization
A
sperm cells unite with the ovum
8
Q
zygote
A
when the fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells
9
Q
menstruation day 1-5
A
blood cells endometrial cells, and glandular secretions discharge from the body
10
Q
menstruation day 6-12
A
estrogen aids repair of the endometrium
- ovum grows in a follicle
11
Q
menstruation day 13-14
A
egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tube
12
Q
menstruation day 15-28
A
corpus luteum secretes progesterone
- the uterus lining builds up
13
Q
if fertilization occurs
A
the eggs implants in the uterine endometrium
14
Q
placenta forms
A
attaches to the uterine wall
15
Q
amnion
A
holds the fetus in the amniotic cavity
16
Q
fetus and mother
A
exchanges nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
17
Q
the placenta produces
A
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
18
Q
progesterone
A
maintains placenta development
19
Q
uterus expands
A
as the fetus grow
20
Q
normal delivery fetal position
A
cephalic presentation (head first)
21
Q
3 phases of labor
A
- dilation and thinning of the cervix
- birth of the infant
- delivery of the placenta
22
Q
placenta
A
an organ that develops during permanency in the uterus
23
Q
uterus fetal portion
A
derived from the chorion
24
Q
uterus maternal position
A
derived from decidua
- modified mucosal
25
chorion
outermost fetal membrane that surrounds the embryo and other membranes.
- contributes to the formation of the placenta
26
amnion
innermost fetal membrane that forms a protective sac around the embryo
27
amniotic sac
protective sac around the embryo
- provides cushioning and supportive environment for the developing fetus
28
amniotic fluid
fluid that fills the amniotic sac and protecting the developing fetus throughout pregnancy
29
amniotic fluid functions
- protection
- temperature regulation
- infection prevention
- lung development
- movement
30
amniotic fluid initially produced by
amnion and later fetal urine & maternal bloodstream through the placenta
31
negative feedback
regulatory mechanism in biological systems where a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, maintaining homeostasis.
- it works to stabilize a system by reducing the output or activity when it deviates from a set point
32
oral contraceptive
prevent pregnancy primarily through hormonal regulation
- aka birth control pills
33
inhibition of ovulation
(oral contraceptive)
oral contraceptives maintain consistent hormone levels in the blood stream, which suppresses the release of gonadotropins (LH & FSH) from the pituitary glands through negative feedback
34
thickening of cervical mucus
(oral contraceptive)
progestin thickens the mucus in the cervix
- making it difficult for the sperm to travel through the cervix and reach the egg
35
endometrial alternation
hormones in birth control pills alter the lining of the uterus
- makes it less suitable for a fertilized egg to implant and grow
36
adnexae uteri
fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligament
37
amnion
innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
38
areola
dark pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple
39
Bartholin glands
small, mucus secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice
40
cervix
lower, neck like portion of the uterus
41
chorion
outermost layer f the two membranes surrounding the embryo
42
clitoris
sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra
43
coitus
sexual intercourse
copulation
44
cul-de-sac
region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and uterus
44
corpus luteum *
empty ovarian follicle
- secretes progesterone after release of egg cell (yellow body)
45
embryo
prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks
46
endometrium
inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus
47
estrogen*
hormone produced by the ovaries that promotes female secondary sex characteristics
48
fallopian tube
one of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus
- oviduct
49
fertilization
union of sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops
50
fetus
prenatal development from 8to 39/40 weeks
51
fimbriae
fimbria
finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
52
follicle stimulating hormone
secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulated maturation of the ovum
53
gamete*
male or female sexual reproductive cells
- ex: sperm cell or ovum
54
genitalia
reproductive organs
- aka genitals
55
gestation*
period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
- aka pregnancy
56
gonad
female or male reproductive organs that produces sex cells and hormones
- ovary or testis
57
gynecology
study of the female reproductive organs, including breasts
58
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) *
hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
59
hymen
mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
60
labia
lips of vagain
61
lactiferous ducts
tubes that carry milk within the breast
62
luteinizing hormone (LH) *
secreted by pituitary gland to promote ovulation
63
mammary papilla
nipple
64
menarche
beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce
65
menopause
gradual ending of menstruation
66
menstruation
monthly shedding of the uterine lineing
67
myometrium
muscle layer of the uterus
68
neonatology
branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn
69
obstetrics
branch of the medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth
70
orifice
an opening
71
ovarian follicle
developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary
72
ovary
one of the pair of female organs on each side of the pelvis
- produces egg cells and hormones
73
ovulation
release of the ovum from the ovary
74
ovum
mature egg cell
75
parturition
act of giving birth
76
perineum
area between the anus and vagina (women)
77
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
- produces hormones to stimulate ovaries
- regulates other endocrine organs
78
placenta
vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy
- allows exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and baby
79
pregnancy
condition of having a developing embryo and fetus in the female uterus for about 40 weeks
80
progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum in ovary and placenta of pregnant women
81
puberty
point in life cycle at which sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
82
perimetrium
outermost layer surrounding the uterus
83
uterus
hallow, pear shaped muscular femal organ in which the embryo and fetus develop
84
vagina
muscular, mucosa lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body
85
vulva
external female genitalia
- labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice
86
zygote
stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks
87
cervical cancer (uterus)
malignant cells within cervix
88
cervicitis (uterus)
inflammation of the cervix
89
endometrial cancer (uterus)
malignant tumor of the uterine lining
90
endometriosis (uterus)
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
91
ovarian cancer
malignant tumor of the ovary
92
ovarian cysts
collection of fluid within the sac in the ovary
93
salpingitis
inflammation of the fallopian tubes
94
oophoritis
inflammation of the ovaries
95
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus)
96
leading causes of pelvis inflammatory disease
STDs
97
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the normally implanted placenta
98
choriocarcinoma
malignant tumor of the placenta
99
ectopic pregnancy
misplaced implantation of the egg
100
placenta previa
placenta partially or completely covers cervix (the opening of the uterus)
101
preeclampsia
serious pregnancy complication characterized by high BP and signs of damage to another organ system
- most often the liver and kidneys
102
down syndrome
genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21
- characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and various health issues
103
hemolytic disease of the newborn
condition where the immune system of the Rh negative mother produces antibodies that attack the RBCs of her RH positive baby
- leading to hemolysis and anemia in the newborn
104
hyaline membrane disease
respiratory distress syndrome
a condition in premature infants caused by insufficient surfactant in the lungs
- leads to difficulty breathing and decreased oxygen levels
105
hydrocephalus
condition characterized by the accumulation of CSF within the brain ventricles
- causes intracranial pressure, enlarged head size, potential brain damage
106
meconium aspiration syndrome
condition in newborns caused by inhalation of meconium stained amniotic fluid
- leads to respiratory distress, airway obstruction, and lung inflammation
107
pyloric stenosis
condition in infants where the pylorus muscles thicken, causing a blockage of food from the stomach to the small intestine
- leads to severs vomiting, dehydration, and weight loss
108
pap test (pap smear)
microscopic exam of stained cells removed from vagina and cervix
109
110
110
hystersalpingography
x-ray exam of the fallopian tubes and uterus in which a contrast medium such as dye or air is used
110
pregnancy test
blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG
111
conization
removal of a cone shaped section of the cervix
- ex: loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
112
laparoscopic oophorectomy
minimally invasive surgical procedure in which one or both ovaries are removed using a laparoscope
113
amniocentesis
where a small amount of amniotic fluid is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus
- done between 15th and 20th weeks
- tests for genetic conditions, chromosomal abnormalities, neural tube defects
