Chapter 20 Flashcards
radiology
study of application of x-rays and other technologies to produce and interpret images of the human body for the diagnosis of disease
x-ray
invisible waves of energy that are produced by an energy source and are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
nuclear medicine
uses radioactive substances in diagnosis and treatment of disease
radionuclides
substance that gives off high energy particles or rays as it disintegrates
radioactivity
spontaneous emission of energy in the form of particles or rays coming from the interior of a substance
3 types of radioactivity
alpha
beta
gamma
gamma rays
a diagnostic label to trace the path and uptake of chemical substances in the body
radiologist
a physician who specializes in the practice of diagnostic radiology
nuclear medicine physician
specializes in diagnostic radionuclide scanning procedures
radiographers
who aids physicians in administering diagnostic x-ray procedures
nuclear medicine technologist
attend to patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures and operate devices under the direction of the nuclear physician
sonographers
aid physicians in performing ultrasound procedures
characteristic of x-rays
- can expose photographic plate
- penetrate different substances to varying degrees
- invisible
- travel straight lines
- scatters
- ionization
radiolucent
permits passage of most x-rays
radiopaque
film badge
detect and record amount of radiation exposure
digital radiography
form of x-ray which digital sensor are used instead of photographic film
mammography
lose dose x-ray to visualize breast tissue
CT
beams x-rays at multiple angles through a section of a patient’s body
multidetector CT
MDCT scanners
state of the art scanners that produce 64,128,256, 320 images per rotation
barium sulfate
radiopaque substance that is mixed with water and is used for examination of upper and lower GI tract
upper GI (UGI)
oral ingestion of barium sulfate so that the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum can be visualized
small bowel follow through (SBFT)
traces passage of barium in a sequential manner as it moves through small intestine
barium enema
study of lower GI series that opacifies the lumen of the large intestine via enema
double contrast study
uses both radiopaque and radiolucent contrast medium
angiography
x-ray image of blood vessels and heart chambers is obtained after contrast is injected through a catheter into the appropriate blood vessel or heart chamber
cholangiography
x-ray imaging after injection of contrast into bile duct
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
injecting contrast directly into the common bile duct
intraoperative cholangiography
after surgery of the gallbladder or biliary tract
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
injection of contrast via needle through the skin into the liver
digital subtraction angiography
taking two x-ray pictures and using a computer to subtract obscuring shadows from the second image
- injected blood vessels
hysterosalpingography
x-ray record of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes
- injection of contrast material through vagina and into endocervical canal
myelography
x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast into the subarachnoid space surrounding spinal cord
pyelography
x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and urinary tract
retrograde pyelography
catheter is placed through urethra, bladder, and ureter and into the renal pelvis
urography
process of recording x-ray images of the urinary tract after the introduction of contrast
digital imaging techniques
used to enhance conventional and fluoroscopic x-ray images
interventional radiology
invasive procedures (therapeutic or diagnostic) usually under CT or ultrasound guidance or with fluoroscopic imaging
fluoroscopy
the use of x-rays and a fluorescent screen to produce real time video images
radiofrequency ablation
destruction of tumors and tissues (liver, kidney, lungs, and adrenals)
ultrasound imaging
ultrasonography
uses high frequency inaudible sound waves that bounce off body tissues and are then recorded to give information about anatomy of internal organ
transducer
probe
instrument placed near or on the skin to ensure good transmission of sound waves
sonogram
record produced by ultrasound imaging
echocardiography
ultrasound technique to detect heart valve and blood vessel
Doppler ultrasound
color flow imaging
records blood flow velocity
endoscopic ultrasonography
a small ultrasound transducer is attached to the tip of the endoscope that is inserted into the body
functional MRI (fMRI)
measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
gadolinium
contrast agent that enhances vessels and tissues, increases the sensitivity for lesion detection, and helps differentiate between normal and abnormal tissues and structures
posteroanterior (PA) view
posterior placed source to an anterior placed detector
anteroposterior (AP) view
anteriorly placed source to posteriorly placed detector
left lateral view
source located to the right of the patient to a detector placed to the left of the patient
oblique view
x-rays travel in slanting direction at an angle to form a perpendicular plane
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
decubitus
lying down
eversion
turning outward
extension
lengthening or straightening a flexed limb
flexion
bending a part of a body
inversion
turning inward
prone
lying on the belly
recumbent
lying down
supine
lying on the back
half life
time required for a radioactive substance to lose half of its radioactivity by disintegration
technetium-99m
pure gamma emitter with a half life of 6 hours
in vitro
in test tube
in vivo
in the body
radioimmuniassay
an vitro procedure that combines the use of radioactive chemicals and antibodies to detect hormones and drugs in a patient’s blood
tracer studies
radionuclides are used as tags or labels attached to chemicals and followed as they travel through the body
radiopharmaceutical
radiolabeled compound
radioactive drug that is administered safely for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
gamma camera
external detection instrument used to determine the distribution and localization of the radiopharmaceutical in various organs, tissues, and fluids
radionuclide scanning
procedure of making an image by tracking the distribution of radioactive substance in the body
uptake
the rate of absorption of the radiopharmaceutical into an organ or tissue
ventilation study
radiolabeled gas or aerosol is inhaled to fill the air sacs before imaging
perfusion study (lung scan)
radiopharmaceutical is given intravenously so that radioactive compound travels through the capillary of the lungs
bone scan
technetium- 99m is used to label a phosphate containing substance
lymphoscintigraphy
radiotracer
radioactive isotope injected under the skin or deeper using a small needle
positron emission tomography
radionuclide technique that produces images of the distribution of radioactivity in the body through emission of positrons
PET-CT scan
combination of PET and CT
single photon emission computed tomography
technique involves an intravenous injection of radioactive tracer and computer reconstruction of 3D image base don composite of many views
Technetium Tc99 sestamibi (cardiolite) scan
technetium radiopharmaceutical is injected intravenously and traced to the heart muscle
multiple gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
Tc99 is injected intravenously to study the motion to study the motion of the heart wall muscle and the ventricles ability to eject blood
thallium scan
Thallium 201 is injected intravenously to evaluate myocardial perfusion
thyroid scan
iodine 123 is administered orally and the scan reveals the size, shape , and position of the thyroid gland
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
patient is given radioactive iodine 131 in a liquid or capsule form and then a sensor is placed over the thyroid gland
