Chapter 21 Flashcards
1
Q
drugs
A
substances used to prevent or treat disease or condition
2
Q
synthesized
A
made in a laboratory
3
Q
vitamins
A
drugs that are isolated from plant and animal sources and are contained in food
4
Q
pharmacist
A
prepares and dispenses drugs
5
Q
pharmacy
A
drug store
6
Q
prescription
A
order for drugs
7
Q
pharmacy technician
A
helps pharmacist provide medication and other health care products to patients
8
Q
pharmacology
A
study of the discovery, properties, uses of drugs
9
Q
pharmacologist
A
MD or PhD who specializes in study of medicines
10
Q
subdivisions of Pharmacology
A
- medicinal chemistry
- pharmacodynamics
- pharmacokinetics
- molecular pharmacology
- chemotherapy
- toxicology
11
Q
medicinal chemistry
A
study of new drug synthesis and relationship between chemical structure and biological effects
12
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
study of drug’s effect on its target in the body
13
Q
pharmacokinetics
A
study of drug absorption, distributions into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion
14
Q
molecular pharmacology
A
interaction of drugs and subcellular entities
15
Q
chemotherapy
A
study of drugs that destroy microorganism, parasites, or malignant cells in the body
16
Q
toxicology
A
study of harmful effects of drugs and chemical in the body
17
Q
antidote
A
substance that prevent or reverse the unwanted effects of drugs
18
Q
chemical name
A
exact chemical makeup of the drug
19
Q
generic name
A
identifies the drug legally and scientifically
20
Q
brand name
A
trademark is private property of the individual drug manufacturer
21
Q
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
A
government agency having legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use
22
Q
United State Pharmacopeia
A
reviews the available commercial drugs and continually reappraises their effectiveness in specific medical conditions
23
Q
hospital formulary
A
gives up to date info about characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage as approved by that particular hospital
24
Q
Physicians’ Desk Reference
A
reference book that lists drug products
25
oral administration
given by mouth
26
sublingual administration
drug placed on tongue to dissolve in saliva
27
rectal administration
suppositories(cone shaped) and aqueous solutions are inserted into the rectum
28
parenteral administration
injection of a drug from a syringe
- under skin, into muscle, vein, or body cavity
29
pleurodesis
obliterating the pleural space and preventing accumulation of fluid
30
intradermal injection
injection into upper layers of skin
- tests for allergic reactions
31
subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (subQ)
small hypodermic needle into the subcutaneous tissue under skin
- upper arm, thigh, abdomen
-ex: insulin
32
intramuscular injection (IM)
shot in the buttock or upper arm into the muscle
- rapid absorption of single dose
33
intrathecal instillation
into the space under the membranes (meninges) surrounding spinal cord and brain
34
intravenous injection
injection in the vein
35
inhalation
vapors or gases taken into the nose or mouth
36
aerosols
particles of drug suspended in air via inhalation
37
topical application
applied locally on skin or mucous membrane
38
antiseptics
against infection
39
antipruritics
against itching
40
transdermal patch
used to deliver drugs continuously through the skin
41
receptor
specific target
42
dose
amount of drug administered
- usually in grams or milligrams
43
schedule
exact timing and frequency of drug administration
44
additive action
when two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
45
antagonistic effect
two drugs give less than additive effect
46
synergistic effect
when two drugs produce greater than the sum of the individual effects
47
response
desired and beneficial effect of a drug
48
tolerance
larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve desired effect
49
addiction
physical and psychological dependence for a drug and presence of clearly unpleasant effects when that drug is stopped
50
dependence
physiological needs for a drug with prolonged use
51
controlled substance
drugs that produce dependence and have potential for abuse and addiction
52
idiosyncrasy
any unexpected and uncommon side effect that develops after administration of a drg
53
anaphylaxis
acute hypersensitivity with asthma and shock
54
iatrogenic
produced by treatment
55
iatrogenic reaction
disorders can occur however as a result of mistakes in drug use or because of individual sensitivity to a given agent
56
side effects
unpleasant effects that routinely result from the drug use
57
conraindications
58
drug resistance
loss of effectiveness of a drug
59
analgesic
lessens pain
- high end narcotics and opiods
60
nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
example cortisone
61
anesthetics
eliminates sensations
62
general anesthetic
whole body
63
local/ regional anesthetic
limited to a particular region
64
antimicrobial drugs
kill or inhibit the growth of microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, an protozoans)
65
antibiotice
chemical agents made from molds and bacteria that inhibit or kill bacteria
66
antibacterial drugs
interfere with the growth and reproduction of bacteria
67
antitubercular drugs
treat tuberculosis
68
antifungals
treat fungal infections
69
antiviral
used against infections due to viruses
- like flu, herpes, cytomegalovirus
70
antiprotozoans
act against infections caused by protozoans that become parasites in humans
71
anticoagulants
prevent clotting of blood
- heparin and warfarin (coumadin)
72
heparin
natural anticoagulant purified from pig intestine or cow lung
73
International normalized ratio test
measures blood clotting time and is kept in a safe range of 2.0-3.0
74
tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA)
dissolves clots and is used to open vessels after myocardial infarction
75
Direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACS)
direct acting oral coagulant that reduces risk of stroke
76
antiplatelet drugs
reduce tendency of platelets to stick together
77
anticonvulsant
prevents and reduces frequency of convulsions in seizure or epilepsy
78
antidepressants
treat symptoms of depression
79
examples of antidepressants
- tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
- selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
80
anti-alzheimer drugs
treats symptoms of Alzheimers disease
- adis brain neurotransmitters or sheilding brain cells from glutamate (leads to dead brain cells)
81
antidiabetics
used to treat diabetes ( insulin is not produced or insensitivity to insulin)
82
biguanides
increase insulin, reduce glucose by liver
83
alpha glucosidase inhibitors
temp block enzymes that digest sugars
84
thiazolidinediones
enhance glucose uptake into tissues
85
DPP4 inhibitors
inhibiting enzymes so that cells make more insulin when glucose levels are high
86
SGLT2 inhibitors
body to excrete glucose in urine
87
non-insulin injectable medications
stim cells in pancreas to make and release insulin
88
antihistamines
blocks histamine (allergic reactions)
89
anaphylactic shock
dyspnea, hypotension, loss of consciousness
90
antiemetic
prevention of nausea
91
osteoporosis
loss of bone density
92
antiosteoporosis drugs
biphosphonates (prevent bone loss) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (increase bone formation)
93
cardiovascular drugs
act on heart or blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, mycardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias
94
digoxin
helps heart pump more forcefully in heart failure
95
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve performance of heart, and reduce workload
96
angiotensin II receptor blockers
lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
97
antiarrhythmics
treats abnormal heart rhythms
98
beta blockers
slow heart rate, decrease heart output, and reduce BP by blocking the action of epinephrine in the heart muscle and blood vessels
99
calcium channel blockers
dilate blood vessels and lower BP
- used to treat arrhythmias
100
cardiac glycosides
drug increase the force of contraction of the heart and are used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation
- made from foxglove plant
101
cholesterol binding drugs
bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent uptake from the GI tract
102
cholesterol lowering drugs
statins block the formation of cholestrol in liver and treats hypercholesterolemia ( high levels in the blood)
103
diuretics
reduce blood volume by promoting kidney to remove water and salt through urine
104
androgens
male hormones
105
antiandrogens
interfere with production of androgens or with their binding tissues
- useful against prostate cancer
106
estrogens
female hormones
107
aromatase inhibitors
reduces the amount of estrogen in the blood and are effective against breast cancer
108
selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
estrogen like effects on bone (increase bone density) and lipid metabolism (decrease cholesterol levels)
109
progestins
treats abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance
110
thyroid hormone
given when there is a low output of hormone from thyroid gland
111
calcitonin
used to treat osteoporosis
- thyroid hormone
112
glucocorticoids
reduce inflammation and wide range of other disorders
113
parathyroid hormone
stimulates new bone formation
114
growth hormone release inhibiting factor (somatostatin)
treats GI symptoms associated with acromegaly
115
antacids
neutralize hydrochloric acid in stomach to relieve symptoms of peptic ulcer, esophagitis, and reflux
116
antiulcer
block secretion of acid by cells in the lining of the stomach and presrcibed for patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers and GERD
117
cimetidine (tagamet)
turn off histamine and promotes secretion of stomach acid
118
omeprazole (prilosec)
stops acid production by proton pump inhibition
119
anitdiarrheal
relieve diarrhea and decrease rapid movement (peristalsis) in muscular wall of colon
120
cathartics
relieve constipation and promotes defecation
121
laxative
mild cathartics
122
purgative
stron cathartics
123
antinauseants (antiemetics)
relieve nausea and vomiting and overcome vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, and similar symptoms
124
Anti TNF (tumor necrosis factor)
used to treat autoimmune disease
-like Crohn's
125
bronchodilators
open bronchial tubes
- administered by injection or aerosol inhaler
126
steroid drugs
inhaled or given intravenously and orally to reduce chronic inflammation in respirator passageway
127
leukotriene modifiers
prevent asthma attacks and bronchospasms by blocking leukotriene from binding to receptors in respiratory tissue
128
sedative
depress CNS and promotes drowsiness
- barbiturates and benzodiazepines
129
benzodiazepines
may act as sedatives or hypnotics
130
amphetamines
used to prevent narcolepsy, suppress appetite, and calm hyperkinetic kids
131
caffeine
cerebral stimulant
132
tranquilizers
controls anxiety
133
minor traquilizers
benzodiazepines
134
major tranquilizers
phenothiazines
135
