Chapter 14 Lymphatic System Flashcards
lymph
clear, watery fluids that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of thin walled lymph vessels that extends throughout the body
lymph info
originates from blood
- rich in lymphocytes and monocytes
interstitial fluid
fluid that surrounds body cells
lymph capillaries
specialized thin walled vessels that fluid passes
lymph nodes
clusters of lymph tissues
lymph color
colorless
lymph blood cells
white blood cells
- lymphocytes
-monocytes
lymph- what is interstitial fluid
- water
- less protein and other plasma components
- lipids from small intestines
blood color
red
blood-who pumps
the heart pumps blood through blood vessels
all blood cells
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
Plasma composition
- water
- proteins
- salts, nutrients, lipids, waste
immune system
the defense of the body against foreign organisms
- like bacteria and viruses
lymph capillaries
thin walled tibes
lymph vessels
thicker walls with valves so that lymph flows in one direction
lymph nodes
collection of stationary solid lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
- filters lymph and traps substances from infectious, inflammatory, and cancerous lesions
major sites of lymph nodes
- cervical
- axillary- armpit
- mediastinal- chest
- mesenteric- intestinal
-paraaortic- lumber - inguinal- groin
tonsils
masses of lymph issue in the throat near the back of the mouth
adenoids
enlarged lymph tissue in the part of the throat near the nasal passage
2 large ducts where all lymph vessels lead and empty into
- right lymphatic duct
- thoracic duct
thoracic duct
drains the lower body and the left side of the head
right lymphatic duct
drains the right side of the head and the chest
B lymphocytes
produces antibodies
- also remains in the blood so when the virus reappears, you’ll have adaptive immunity
T lymphocyte
attacks bacteria and foreign cells by accurately recognizing a cell as foreign and destroying it
- T cells recognize and remember specific antigens and produce stronger attacks each time the antigen is encountered
spleen
- destroys old erythrocytes by macrophages
- filtration of microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood
- activation of lymphocytes
- storage of blood
thymus gland
make antibodies and produces immune cells that fight against foreign antigens
tolerance
when lymphocytes learn to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens (seen as friendly)`
autoimmune disease
when the tolerance process fails and immune cell react against normal cell resulting in various pathologic conditions
antigens
ex: toxins, bacterial proteins, or foreign blood cells
immune system includes
- leukocytes
-neutrophils
-monocytes
-macrophages
lymphoid organs
produces lymphocytes and antibodies
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- thymus gland
- tonsils
- adenoids
immunity
body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
natural immunity
resistance present at birth
neutrophils
travel to the infected area and ingest bacteria
lymphocytes aka
Natural killer cells (NK)
adaptive immunity
the body’s ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response
vaccination
an injection of a killed virus or protein that doesn’t make you ill
- stimulates your B cells to secrete antibodies
antitoxins
ready made antibodies
immunoblobins
boost your adaptive immunity before you travel to a foreign country
maternal antibodies
infants acquired immunity from their mother
- via placenta, before birth or in breast milk
adaptive immunity components
humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens
B cell matures into
plasma cell
Plasma cell
lymphocyte that secretes antibodies
- matured B cells
Examples of immunoglobulins
- IgM
- IgA
- IgG
- IgE
- IgD
IgG
crosses placenta to provide immunity for newborns
IgE
important in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections
cell-mediated immunity
T cells (cytotoxic, helper, suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them
- type of adaptive immunity
cytotoxic T cells
attach to antigen and directly kill them
cytokines
aid other cells in antigen destruction
-ex: interferons and interleukins
Helper T cells (CD4 + Tcells)
assist B cells in making antibodies and the stimulate T cell to attack antigens
Supressor T cells
inhibit both T and B cells and prevent them from attacking the body’s own good cells
complement system
group of proteins in blood that helps antibodies kill their target
dendritic cell
initiates adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T and B cells, shows them precisely what they need to counteract
immunotherapy
the use of antibodies to treat disease such as cencer
monoclonal antibodies
designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells to kill the tumor
- created in a lab by special reproductive techniques
vaccines
they stimulate patient’s own T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells
transfer of immune cells
T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patient’s immune system with new cells that recognize tumor cells as foreign and kill them
CARS (chimeric antigen receptors)
when you remove patient’s own T cells in a lab and introduce new molecules that produce receptors
interferons
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
interleukins
proteins (cytokines) the stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
interstitial fluid
fluid in the spaces between cells
- fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries
lymph vessel
carrier of lymph throughout the body
macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
thymus gland
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)
group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
- caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HIV destroys
helper T cells
candidiasis
yeast like fungus
- present in the mouth (thrush), skin, intestinal tract and vagina
cryptococcal infection (crypto)
yeast like fungus causes lung, brain, and blood infections
- found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water and soil
cryptopordiosis
parasitic infection of GI tract and brain and spinal cord
- found in farm animals
cytomegalovirus infection
virus causes enteritis and retinitis
- found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood and breast milk
herpes simplex
viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or genitals
histoplasmosis (Histo)
fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capulatum
- causes fever, chills, and lung infection
- found bird and bat droppings
mycobacterium aviumintracellulare (MAI) complex infection
bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss and lung and blood infections
pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
one celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain
- found in air, water, and soil carried by animals
toxoplasmosis (toxo)
parasitic infection involving the CNS and causes fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis and seizures
- found in uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, raw eggs or vegetables
allergy
abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
systemic anaphylaxis
at
atopy
hypersensitivity or allergenic state arising from an inherited predisposition
Kaposi sacroma
cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produce dark purplish skin nodules
lymphoma
cancer of lymph nodes
wasting syndrome
marked by weight loss and decrease in muscular strength
HIV positive
person who were exposed to HIV and now have anti-bodies
Hodgkin lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes
multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
thymoma
tumor of the thymus gland
allergen
substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction
ananphylaxis
exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance
CD4+ cells
Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface
Human immunodefiency virus
virus that causes AIDs
non Hodgkin lymphoma
group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue
protease inhibitor
drug that treats AIDs by blocking the production of protease
- enzyme that helps create new pieces of HIV
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)
drug that treats AIDs by blocking reverse transcriptase
- enzyme that makes copies of HIV
CD4+ cell count
measures number of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream of patients with AID
ELISA
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the blood stream
immunoelectrophoesis
test that separates immunogloblins
viral load test
measurement of the amount of AIDs virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
