Chapter 5 Digestive System Flashcards
oral cavity
mouth
cheeks
the walls of the oval shaped cavity
lips
surrounds the opening of the cavity
hard palate
anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
soft palate
posterior portion of the mouth
uvula
small, soft tissue projection that hangs from the soft palate
rugae
irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate
tongue
moves food around
- extends across the floor of the oral cavity
- muscles attach it to the lower jawbone
mastication
chewing
deglutition
swallowing
papillae
small raised areas on the tongue
- contains tastebuds
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue located in the depressions of the mucous membranes
- lie on both sides of oropharynx
gums
fleshy tissue surround the sockets of teeth
teeth
crown
shows above the gum line
root
lies within the bony tooth socket
enamel
protects the tooth
dentin
primary material found in teeth
- covered by enamel in the crown
- covered by cementum in the root
cementum
covers, protects, and supports dentin in the root
periodontal membrane
surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
pulp
soft and delicate tissue fills the center of the tooth
- under the dentin
root canal
pulp canal
contains blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels
root canal therapy
when a disease or abscess occurs in the pulp canal
salivary glands
exocrine glands that produce saliva
- parotid, sublingual, submandibular
saliva
lubricates the mouth
- has digestive enzymes and healing growth factors
enzymes
submandibular gland
below mandible
sublingual gland
below tongue
pharynx
throat
muscular tube line with mucus membrane
- 5 inches long
- for air to the trachea
- for food to the esophagus
esophagus
9-10 inch fibromuscular tube from pharynx (throat) to stomach
- where food travels to
epiglottis
flap tissue that covers the trachea so that food cannot enter and become lodged there
peristalsis
involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus
bolus
mass of food
stomach parts
fundus
body
antrum
sphincters
fundus
upper section of the stomach
body
middle section of the stomach
antrum
lower portion of the stomach
sphincter
rings of muscle that control the openings into and out of the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
relaxes and contracts to move food from esophagus into the stomach
pyloric sphincter
allows food to leave the stomach into the small intestine
pepsin
enzyme to begin digesting proteins
hydrochloric acid
digest protein and kills any bacteria remaining in food
small intestine
small bowel
from pyloric sphincter to large intestines
- 20 feet long
3 part DJI
duodenum
- receives food from stomach
- bile from liver and gallbladder
- pancreatic juices from pancreas
1 foot long
bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
- breaks up large fat globules
gallbladder
store bile
pancreas
2 functions
- secrete insulin
- makes enzymes to digest starch, fat, and proteins
jejunum
2nd part of the small intestine
- 8 feet long
iluem
11 feet long
villi
microscopic projections that line the walls of the small intestines
large intestine
ilieum to the anus
cecum
first part of the large intestine
appendix
blind pouch hanging the cecum
colon
portion of the large intestine consisting of:
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
- sigmoid
ascending colon
from cecum to undersuface of the liver (hepatic flexure)
transverse colon
passes horizontally towards the spleen
descending colon
near the splenic flexure and downward
sigmoid colon
s-shaped
rectum
rectum terminates into in the lower opening the gastrointestinal tract =
anus
terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to outside the body
feces
stools (solid)
defecation
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
liver
makes bile
stores sugar, iron, and vitamins
produces blood proteins
filters out toxins
destroys worn out RBC
bile
contains cholest
- orange-black, sometimes green fluid
- made by liver
stored in gallbladder
bilirubin
pigment released by liver in bile
jaundice
yellow discoloration of skin, whites of eyes, and mucous membranes
hepatic duct
liver
gallbladder
pear shaped sac under the liver that stores bile
common bile duct
choledochus
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
pancreas
secretes pancreatic juices into the pancreatic ducts
pancreatic duct
joins the common bile duct as it eneters duodenum
duodenum
first part of small intestine
- duo- 2, den-10
emulsification
where bile breaks apart large fate globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest fats
glucose
sugar
glycogen
starch
- stored in the liver
glycogenolysis
liver converts glycogen back to glucose
gluconeagensis
liver converts proteins and fats into glucose
portal vein
brings blood to the liver from the intestines
amylase
secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
lipase
digests fat
protease
digest proteins
insulin
- needed to help release sugar from blood
- acts as carrier to bring glucose into cells to be used as energy
absoprtion
digested food passed into the blood stream through lining cells of the small intestines (villi)
- nutrients travel to all cells in the body
- cells burn nutrients to release energy store in food
amino acids
small building blocks of proteins
- released when protein are digested
bowel
intestines
canine teeth
cuspids
pointed, dog-like teeth
enamel
hard, outermost layer of the tooth
enzyme
chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested
hydrochloric acid
substance produced in the stomach
- aids in digestion
incisor
any one of the four front teeth in the dental arch
molar tooth
3 large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth on each side
triglycerides
fat molecules composed of three fatty acids
ingestion
food taken into the mouth
digestion
food is broken down , mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the GI tract
elimination
eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream
- Lrg intestines concentrates feces
-waste passes through anus
chyme
semi-liquid mass of partially digested food that passed from the stomach to small intestine
functions of liver
- produces bile
- maintains normal glucose levels
- makes blood proteins necessary for clotting
- releases bilirubin
- removes toxins and poisons from blood
intrinsic factor
normally found in gastric juice that helps the absorption of vitamin B12 into bloodstream
mesentery
part of the double fold of the peritoneum that stretches’ around the organs on the abdomen
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
dental caries
tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth by the infection of the herpes virus
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
