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MRI Med Term > Chapter 11 Cardio > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of blood vessels in the body

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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2
Q

arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all body parts

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3
Q

endothelium

A

inner most cells that secrete factors that affect the size of blood vessels, reduce blood clotting, and promote growth of blood vessels

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4
Q

arterioles

A

carries blood to the capillaries
- smaller than arteries

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5
Q

venules

A

carries waste filled blood to the heart

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6
Q

veins

A

thin wall vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart

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7
Q

valves

A

temporarily closes an opening to prevent the backflow of blood and keep it moving in one direction

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8
Q

what color is blood?

A

bright red in the arteries

dark red in the veins
- veins on the outside- blue

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9
Q

How much blood is in the body?

A

5 quarts (4.7 liters)

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10
Q

Total length of all blood vessels?

A

60,000 miles

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11
Q

venae cavae

A

where oxygen poor blood enters the heart through 2 largest veins

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12
Q

right side of the heart

A

oxygen poor blood

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13
Q

pulmonary artery

A

artery carrying oxygen poor blood form the heart to the lungs

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14
Q

capillaries

A

smallest type of blood vessel.
- material pass to and from the blood stream through thin capillary walls

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15
Q

pulmonary veins

A

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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16
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circulation of blood through the vessels from heart to the lungs and then back to the heart

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17
Q

left side of the heart

A

oxygen rich blood enters

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18
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

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19
Q

carotid arteries

A

blood vessels that branch from aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart

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20
Q

arterioles

A

small artery

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21
Q

venules

A

small vein

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22
Q

oxygen

A

gas carried by the blood from lungs to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

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23
Q

systemic circulation

A

flow of blood from the body tissue to heart and back

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24
Q

pulse

A

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries

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25
Q

atria
atrium

A

2 upper chambers of the heart

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26
Q

ventricles

A

2 lower chambers of the heart

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27
Q

superior venae cava

A

drains blood from the upper portion of the body

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28
Q

inferior vena cava

A

carries blood from the lowest part of the body

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29
Q

right atrium

A

thin walled upper right chamber of the heart
- receives oxygen poor blood

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30
Q

tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
- three leaflets

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31
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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32
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve positioned between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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33
Q

left atrium

A
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34
Q

mitral valave

A

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

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35
Q

left ventricle

A
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36
Q

aortic valve

A
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37
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

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38
Q

septa
septum

A

partition or wall dividing a cavity
- ex: right and left atria or right and ledt ventricle

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39
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

endocardium
myocardium
pericardium

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40
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

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41
Q

myocardium

A

muscular middle layer of the heart

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42
Q

pericardium

A

double layered membrane surrounding the heart

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43
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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44
Q

systole

A

contraction

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45
Q

dubb

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole

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45
Q

lubb

A

closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of the systole

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46
Q

murmur

A

abnormal swishing sound

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47
Q

pacemaker

A

origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contract and force blood into ventricles
- ending diastole

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48
Q

sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

pacemaker of the heart
- right atrium

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49
Q

atrioventricular bundle
bundle of HIS

A

helps conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole

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50
Q

electrocardiogram
ECG
EKG

A

record used to detect these electrical changes in the heart muscle as the heart beats

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51
Q

P wave

A

spread of excitation wave over atria just before contraction

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52
Q

QRS wave

A

spread of excitation wave over the ventricles
- as ventricles contract

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53
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute

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54
Q

blood pressure

A

force that the blood exerts on the arterial walls

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55
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

used to measure blood pressure

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56
Q

apex of the heart

A

lower tip of the heart

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57
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle

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58
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

blood that is oxygen poor

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59
Q

arrhythmias

A

abnormal heart rhythms

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60
Q

heart block
atrioventricular block

A

condition where there is a delay or interruption in the transmission of electrical impulses between the atria and ventricles

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61
Q

bradycardia

A

failure of proper conduction of impulses from SA node through the AV node to atrioventricular bundle

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62
Q

flutter

A

rapid but regular contractions, usually of atria

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63
Q

fibrillation

A

very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart
- 350 beats + per min

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64
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

most common cardiac arrhythmia

65
Q

paroxysmal AF

A

irregular heartbeats occur periodically and episodically

66
Q

persistent AF

A

irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely

67
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles

68
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden stoppage of heart movement

69
Q

defibrillation

A

stops electrical activity in the heart for a brief moment so that normal rhythm takes over

70
Q

implantable cardioverter- defibrillation (ICD)

A

small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with an electric shock

71
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

narrowing of aorta

72
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

73
Q

septal defects

A

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles

74
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

75
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

large hole between two ventricles let venous blood pass from right to left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation

76
Q

shift of the aorta to the right

A

aorta overrides the interventricular septum
- oxygen poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta

77
Q

hypertrophy of the right ventricle

A

myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery

78
Q

transposition of great arteries

A

pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle

79
Q

congestive heart failure

A

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

80
Q

systolic CHF

A

reduced ejection fraction ( the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle)

81
Q

diastolic CHF

A

fluids back up in the lungs and other body parts

82
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid accumulation in the lungs

83
Q

left ventricular assist device

A

pumps blood out of the heart
- pump inserted in left ventricle

84
Q

atherosclerosis

A

buildup of plaque that leads to restricted blood flow to the heart

85
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

blocking of the coronary artery by a clot

86
Q

ischemia

A

decreased blood flow

87
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

88
Q

acute coronary syndromes

A

unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- plaque rupture in coronary arteries

89
Q

unstable angina

A

chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency

90
Q

nitroglycerin

A

vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lowers BP

91
Q

aspirin

A

prevents clumping of platelets

92
Q

beta blockers

A

reduce the force and speed of the heartbeat and lower BP
- treats angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias

93
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

blocks conversion of angiotensin
reduce high BP
causes blood vessels to dilate
lowers risk of future heart attack

94
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

drug used to treat angina and hypertension
- dilates blood vessels by blocking influx of calcium

95
Q

statin

A

lower cholesterol levels

96
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting

A

open heart operation that replaces clogged vessels

97
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention

A

catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries

98
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

99
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

high blood pressure affecting the heat

100
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

improper closure of the mitral valve

101
Q

murmur

A

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

102
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

103
Q

pericardial friction rub

A

scraping or grating sound

104
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

pressure on the heart caused by collection of fluid in pericardial cavity

105
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

106
Q

aneurysm

A

local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall

107
Q

deep vein thrombosus

A

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually a lower limb

108
Q

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

A

group of circulatory disorders that affect blood vessels outside of the heart and brain

109
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

110
Q

essential hypertension

A

high blood pressure without a identifiable cause

111
Q

secondary hypertension

A

increase in pressure is caused by another associated lesion

112
Q

peripheral arterial disease

A

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

113
Q

warfarin

A

oral anticoagulant used to prevent or treat thromboembolic diseases

114
Q

raynaud disease

A

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

115
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen and twisted veins
- usually in the legs

116
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins near the anus

117
Q

auscultation

A

listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures

118
Q

biventricular pacemake

A

device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out the heart

119
Q

bruit

A

abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

120
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action
- often leading to sudden cardiac death

121
Q

claudication

A

pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun
- no pain at rest

122
Q

digoxin

A

drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens heartbeat

123
Q

embolus

A

clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

124
Q

infarction

A

area of dead tissue

125
Q

nitrates

A

drugs used in the treatment of angina
- dilates blood vessels, increases blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue

126
Q

occlusion

A

closure of a blood vessel due to blockage

127
Q

palpitations

A

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias

128
Q

patent

129
Q

petechiae

A

small pinpoint hemorrhages

130
Q

statins

A

drugs used to lower cholesterol in the blood stream

131
Q

thrill

A

vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow

132
Q

vegetations

A

clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves

133
Q

BNP test

A

measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood

134
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

chemicals are measured in the blood evidence of a heart attack

135
Q

lipid tests

A

measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in a blood sample

136
Q

saturated fats

A

animal origin
- milk, butter, meats

137
Q

polyunsaturated fats

A

vegetable origins

138
Q

lipoprotein electrophoresis

A

lipoproteins are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

139
Q

angiography

A

x-ray of blood vessels after injection of contrast

140
Q

digital subtraction angio

A

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

141
Q

electron beam CT

A

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits and around coronary arteries to diagnose coronary artery disease

142
Q

Doppler US

A

sounds waves measure blood flow within blood vessels

143
Q

echocardiography

A

echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

144
Q

positron mission tomo

A

images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose

145
Q

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi

A

injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue

146
Q

thallium 201 scan

A

concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give info about blood supply to the heart muscle

147
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via vein or artery

148
Q

electrocardiography

A

recording of electricity flowing though the heart

149
Q

Holter monitoring

A

an ECG device is worn during a prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmia

150
Q

stress test

A

exercise tolerance test determines the heart’s response to physical exertion

151
Q

catheter ablation

A

brief delivery of radio frequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias

152
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of the artery

153
Q

extracorporeal circulation

A

heart lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired

154
Q

heart transplant

A

donor heart is transferred to a recipient

155
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention

A

balloon tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery
- stents are put in place

156
Q

stent

A

expandable slotted metal tubes that serve as permanent scaffolding devices

157
Q

drug eluting stents

A

coated polymers that release anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue from forming

158
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis

159
Q

transcatheter aortic valve replacement

A

placement of a balloon expandable aortic heart valve into the body via catheter

160
Q

pulse

A

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries

MRI Med Term (47 decks)

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