Chapter 11 Cardio Flashcards
1
Q
3 types of blood vessels in the body
A
arteries
veins
capillaries
2
Q
arteries
A
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all body parts
3
Q
endothelium
A
inner most cells that secrete factors that affect the size of blood vessels, reduce blood clotting, and promote growth of blood vessels
4
Q
arterioles
A
carries blood to the capillaries
- smaller than arteries
5
Q
venules
A
carries waste filled blood to the heart
6
Q
veins
A
thin wall vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart
7
Q
valves
A
temporarily closes an opening to prevent the backflow of blood and keep it moving in one direction
8
Q
what color is blood?
A
bright red in the arteries
dark red in the veins
- veins on the outside- blue
9
Q
How much blood is in the body?
A
5 quarts (4.7 liters)
10
Q
Total length of all blood vessels?
A
60,000 miles
11
Q
venae cavae
A
where oxygen poor blood enters the heart through 2 largest veins
12
Q
right side of the heart
A
oxygen poor blood
13
Q
pulmonary artery
A
artery carrying oxygen poor blood form the heart to the lungs
14
Q
capillaries
A
smallest type of blood vessel.
- material pass to and from the blood stream through thin capillary walls
15
Q
pulmonary veins
A
one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
16
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
circulation of blood through the vessels from heart to the lungs and then back to the heart
17
Q
left side of the heart
A
oxygen rich blood enters
18
Q
aorta
A
largest artery in the body
19
Q
carotid arteries
A
blood vessels that branch from aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart
20
Q
arterioles
A
small artery
21
Q
venules
A
small vein
22
Q
oxygen
A
gas carried by the blood from lungs to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells
23
Q
systemic circulation
A
flow of blood from the body tissue to heart and back
24
Q
pulse
A
beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries
25
atria
atrium
2 upper chambers of the heart
26
ventricles
2 lower chambers of the heart
27
superior venae cava
drains blood from the upper portion of the body
28
inferior vena cava
carries blood from the lowest part of the body
29
right atrium
thin walled upper right chamber of the heart
- receives oxygen poor blood
30
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
- three leaflets
31
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
32
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
33
left atrium
34
mitral valave
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve
35
left ventricle
36
aortic valve
37
aorta
largest artery in the body
38
septa
septum
partition or wall dividing a cavity
- ex: right and left atria or right and ledt ventricle
39
3 layers of the heart
endocardium
myocardium
pericardium
40
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
41
myocardium
muscular middle layer of the heart
42
pericardium
double layered membrane surrounding the heart
43
diastole
relaxation
44
systole
contraction
45
dubb
closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole
45
lubb
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of the systole
46
murmur
abnormal swishing sound
47
pacemaker
origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contract and force blood into ventricles
- ending diastole
48
sinoatrial node (SA node)
pacemaker of the heart
- right atrium
49
atrioventricular bundle
bundle of HIS
helps conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole
50
electrocardiogram
ECG
EKG
record used to detect these electrical changes in the heart muscle as the heart beats
51
P wave
spread of excitation wave over atria just before contraction
52
QRS wave
spread of excitation wave over the ventricles
- as ventricles contract
53
normal sinus rhythm
heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute
54
blood pressure
force that the blood exerts on the arterial walls
55
sphygmomanometer
used to measure blood pressure
56
apex of the heart
lower tip of the heart
57
coronary arteries
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle
58
deoxygenated blood
blood that is oxygen poor
59
arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythms
60
heart block
atrioventricular block
condition where there is a delay or interruption in the transmission of electrical impulses between the atria and ventricles
61
bradycardia
failure of proper conduction of impulses from SA node through the AV node to atrioventricular bundle
62
flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of atria
63
fibrillation
very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart
- 350 beats + per min
64
atrial fibrillation
most common cardiac arrhythmia
65
paroxysmal AF
irregular heartbeats occur periodically and episodically
66
persistent AF
irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely
67
ventricular fibrillation
electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles
68
cardiac arrest
sudden stoppage of heart movement
69
defibrillation
stops electrical activity in the heart for a brief moment so that normal rhythm takes over
70
implantable cardioverter- defibrillation (ICD)
small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with an electric shock
71
coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of aorta
72
patent ductus arteriosus
passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth
73
septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles
74
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects
75
ventricular septal defect
large hole between two ventricles let venous blood pass from right to left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation
76
shift of the aorta to the right
aorta overrides the interventricular septum
- oxygen poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta
77
hypertrophy of the right ventricle
myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery
78
transposition of great arteries
pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle
79
congestive heart failure
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
80
systolic CHF
reduced ejection fraction ( the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle)
81
diastolic CHF
fluids back up in the lungs and other body parts
82
pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation in the lungs
83
left ventricular assist device
pumps blood out of the heart
- pump inserted in left ventricle
84
atherosclerosis
buildup of plaque that leads to restricted blood flow to the heart
85
thrombotic occlusion
blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
86
ischemia
decreased blood flow
87
myocardial infarction
heart attack
88
acute coronary syndromes
unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- plaque rupture in coronary arteries
89
unstable angina
chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency
90
nitroglycerin
vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lowers BP
91
aspirin
prevents clumping of platelets
92
beta blockers
reduce the force and speed of the heartbeat and lower BP
- treats angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias
93
ACE inhibitors
blocks conversion of angiotensin
reduce high BP
causes blood vessels to dilate
lowers risk of future heart attack
94
calcium channel blockers
drug used to treat angina and hypertension
- dilates blood vessels by blocking influx of calcium
95
statin
lower cholesterol levels
96
coronary artery bypass grafting
open heart operation that replaces clogged vessels
97
percutaneous coronary intervention
catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries
98
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
99
hypertensive heart disease
high blood pressure affecting the heat
100
mitral valve prolapse
improper closure of the mitral valve
101
murmur
extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
102
pericarditis
inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
103
pericardial friction rub
scraping or grating sound
104
cardiac tamponade
pressure on the heart caused by collection of fluid in pericardial cavity
105
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
106
aneurysm
local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall
107
deep vein thrombosus
blood clot forms in a large vein, usually a lower limb
108
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
group of circulatory disorders that affect blood vessels outside of the heart and brain
109
hypertension
high blood pressure
110
essential hypertension
high blood pressure without a identifiable cause
111
secondary hypertension
increase in pressure is caused by another associated lesion
112
peripheral arterial disease
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
113
warfarin
oral anticoagulant used to prevent or treat thromboembolic diseases
114
raynaud disease
recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
115
varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins
- usually in the legs
116
hemorrhoids
varicose veins near the anus
117
auscultation
listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures
118
biventricular pacemake
device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out the heart
119
bruit
abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ
120
cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action
- often leading to sudden cardiac death
121
claudication
pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun
- no pain at rest
122
digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens heartbeat
123
embolus
clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel
124
infarction
area of dead tissue
125
nitrates
drugs used in the treatment of angina
- dilates blood vessels, increases blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue
126
occlusion
closure of a blood vessel due to blockage
127
palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias
128
patent
open
129
petechiae
small pinpoint hemorrhages
130
statins
drugs used to lower cholesterol in the blood stream
131
thrill
vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow
132
vegetations
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves
133
BNP test
measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood
134
cardiac biomarkers
chemicals are measured in the blood evidence of a heart attack
135
lipid tests
measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in a blood sample
136
saturated fats
animal origin
- milk, butter, meats
137
polyunsaturated fats
vegetable origins
138
lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins are physically separated and measured in a blood sample
139
angiography
x-ray of blood vessels after injection of contrast
140
digital subtraction angio
video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
141
electron beam CT
electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits and around coronary arteries to diagnose coronary artery disease
142
Doppler US
sounds waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
143
echocardiography
echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
144
positron mission tomo
images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose
145
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi
injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue
146
thallium 201 scan
concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give info about blood supply to the heart muscle
147
cardiac catheterization
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via vein or artery
148
electrocardiography
recording of electricity flowing though the heart
149
Holter monitoring
an ECG device is worn during a prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmia
150
stress test
exercise tolerance test determines the heart's response to physical exertion
151
catheter ablation
brief delivery of radio frequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
152
endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of the artery
153
extracorporeal circulation
heart lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired
154
heart transplant
donor heart is transferred to a recipient
155
percutaneous coronary intervention
balloon tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery
- stents are put in place
156
stent
expandable slotted metal tubes that serve as permanent scaffolding devices
157
drug eluting stents
coated polymers that release anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue from forming
158
thrombolytic therapy
drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis
159
transcatheter aortic valve replacement
placement of a balloon expandable aortic heart valve into the body via catheter
160
pulse
beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries
161
