Chapter 10: Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?
A
central and peripheral nervous system
2
Q
nerve
A
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
3
Q
central nervous system includes?
A
brain and spinal cord
4
Q
peripheral nervous system consists of
A
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
plexuses
peripheral nerves
5
Q
cranial nerves carry impulses between
A
the brain
the head
and the neck
6
Q
which nerve is the exception that carries impulses to the neck, chest, and abdomen?
A
the 10th nerve aka the vagus nerve
7
Q
plexus
A
large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system
8
Q
other examples of plexuses
A
blood vessels aka vascular
lymphatic plexus
rectal plexus
vertebral plexus
9
Q
cauda equina
A
bundle of spinal nerve below the spinal cord
10
Q
sensory nerves
afferent
A
carry messages toward the brain
spinal cord from receptor
11
Q
motor nerves
efferent nerves
A
carry messages from the brain to muscles and organs
12
Q
receptors
A
organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to the sensory nerves
- for seeing, hearing, balance, smell, and touch
13
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
carries impulses to glands, heart, blood vessels, and involuntary muscles
14
Q
sympathetic nerves
A
stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis
- increase HR and dilate airways for more O2`
15
Q
parasympathetic nerves
A
the counter to sympathetic
- slows down HR, lowers BP, stimulates intestinal contractions
16
Q
neuron
A
nerve cell that is necessary for impulses to be carries throughout the nervous system
17
Q
stimulus
A
begins the impulse
18
Q
dendrites
A
branching fibers of the neuron
- receives the nervous impulse first
19
Q
cell body
A
part of the nerve cell that contains the nucleus
20
Q
cell nucleus
A
21
Q
ganglion
ganglia
A
22
Q
axon
A
microscopic fiber that is part of the neuron and carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell
23
Q
myelin sheath
A
covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of the nerve cell
- speeds impulse conduction along axon
24
Q
terminal end fibers
A
where impulses passes through the axon to leave to cell
25
synapse
space where the nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another
26
neurotransmitter
chemical substance that brings the impulse to the synapse
27
examples of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
epinephrine aka (adrenaline)
dopamine
serotonin
endorphins
28
parenchyma
essential distinguishing tissue of an organ
- includes neurons and nerves
29
stroma
connective and supportive tissue of an organ
30
glial (neuroglial) cells
the supportive framework and wards off infection
31
4 types of supporting/ glial cells
- astrocytes
- microglial
- oligodendroglial
- ependymal
32
astrocytes cells
transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons
- they look like stars
33
microglial
they protect neurons in response to inflammation
- lots of dendrites
34
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath covering the axons in the CNS
35
ependymal cells
line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where CSF is produced and circulates
36
blood brain barrier
glial cells/ astrocytes regulate the passage of potentially harmful substances from blood into the nerves of the brain cell
37
cerebrum responsible for
thought, judgement, memory, association,
discrimination
38
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum
- contains sheets of nerve cells; grey matter of the brain
39
gyri
folds in the brain
sheet of nerve cells that produces ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
40
sulci
grooves
41
cerebral hemispheres
left and right sides of the brain
42
left brain
language
mathematical functioning
reasoning
analytical thinking
43
right brain
spatial relationships
art
music
emotions
intuition
44
brain's 4 lobes
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
45
ventricles
space/canals that contain watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around spinal cord
46
cerebrospinal fluid
protects the brain and spinal cord from shock by acting like a cushion
47
cerebrospinal fluid composition
lymphocytes, sugar, and proteins
- clear and colorless
48
lumbar puncture
spinal fluid can be withdrawn for diagnosis or relief of pressure on the brain
49
thalamus
decides what is important or not and relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex
- awareness and consciousness
50
hypothalamus
controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and pleasure
- releases hormones from the pituitary gland
51
cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movement and maintains balance and posture
52
midbrain
for seeing and hearing
- uppermost portion of the brainstem
connects cerebrum with lower portion of the brain
53
pons
the "bridge" that connects cerebullum and cerebrum to the rest of the brain
54
medulla oblongata
brainstem
connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain
55
jobs of the medulla oblongata
- respiratory center- controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals and stimuli
- cardiac center- slows HR when beating too rapidly
-vasomotor center- constricts or dilates muscles in the wall of blood vessels
56
spinal cord
column of nervous tissue extending from medulla oblongata to L2 vertebra
57
cauda equina
horse's tail
bundle of nerve fibers
58
gray matter
inner region composed of cell bodies and dendrites
59
white matter
outer region made of nerve fiber tracts and myelin sheaths
60
meninges
3 layers of CT membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
61
dura mater
thick tough membranes of the outermost meninges
- contains channels that contain blood
62
subdural space
below dural membrane
63
arachnoid membrane
middle layer of the membranes
spider-like membrane loosely attached to other meninges by weblike fibers
64
subarachnoid space
space for CSF between fibers and 3rd membrane
65
pia mater
layer closest to the brain and spinal cord
- delicate CT with rich supply of blood vessels
66
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of the nerve cells
67
brainstem
posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
- includes: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
68
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
responsible for voluntary muscular activity
vision
speech
taste
hearing
thought
memory
69
cranial nerves
nerves carry messages from the brain to all
70
glial cell
neuroglial cell
supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses
71
microglial cell
phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from CSN
72
midbrain
uppermost portion of the brainstem
73
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
74
stimulus
agent of change in the internal and external environment that evokes a response
75
sulcus
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
- aka fissue
76
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
77
spina bifida
congenial defects in the L spine column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts
78
Alzheimers disease
brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration, personality change, and impairment of daily functioning
79
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem
80
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
81
Huntington disease
hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
82
multiple sclerosis
destruction of myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue
83
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
84
palsy
paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
85
cerebral palsy
partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to cerebrum during pregnancy
86
Bell palsy
paralysis to one side of the face
87
Parkinsons disease
degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia
- occurs late in life
weakness in muscles
- slowness of movement
88
pallative
reliving the symptoms but not cured
89
Tourettes
involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements, uncontrollable vocal sounds, and inappropriate words
90
herpes zoster
shingles
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
91
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
92
human immunodeficiencyvirus encephalopathy
brain disease and dementia occurring in aids
93
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges
94
cerebral concussion
type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head
95
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head
96
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
97
thrombotic
blood cot in the arteries
98
migraine
severe, recurring unilateral, vascular headache
99
absence seizure
form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss or awareness of surroundings
100
aneurysm
enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and stroke
101
astrocytoma
malignant brain tumor of astrocytes
102
aura
peculiar symptom of sensation occurring before onset of attack of migraine or epileptic seizure
103
dementia
mental decline and deterioration
104
demyelination
destruction of myelin on axons of neurons
105
dopamine
CNS nuerotransmitter deficient in patient with Parkinson disease
106
embolus
clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel
107
gait
manner of walking
108
ictal even
pertaining to a sudden onset, as with the convulsions of epileptic seizure
109
occlusion
blockage
110
thymectomy
removal of the thymus
111
TIA
transient ischmic attack
- occurs in all 3 types of seizures: thrombolytic, embolic, hemorrhagic
112
tic
involuntary movement of a small group of muscles
- seen in Tourettes
113
tonic-clonic seizure
major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movement
114
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
samples of CSF are examined
115
cerebral angiography
x-ray of arterial blood vessels in brain with contrast
116
computed tomography of the brain
multiple images of the brain and spinal cord
117
MRI
magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy to create images of brain and spinal cord
118
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
119
doppler US
sound waves detect blood flow in carotid and intracranial arteries
120
electroencephalography
recording of electrical activity of the brain
121
stereotactic radiosurgery
use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain
122
