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MRI Med Term > Chapter 10: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses

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3
Q

central nervous system includes?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
plexuses
peripheral nerves

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5
Q

cranial nerves carry impulses between

A

the brain
the head
and the neck

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6
Q

which nerve is the exception that carries impulses to the neck, chest, and abdomen?

A

the 10th nerve aka the vagus nerve

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7
Q

plexus

A

large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

other examples of plexuses

A

blood vessels aka vascular
lymphatic plexus
rectal plexus
vertebral plexus

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of spinal nerve below the spinal cord

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10
Q

sensory nerves
afferent

A

carry messages toward the brain
spinal cord from receptor

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11
Q

motor nerves
efferent nerves

A

carry messages from the brain to muscles and organs

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12
Q

receptors

A

organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to the sensory nerves
- for seeing, hearing, balance, smell, and touch

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

carries impulses to glands, heart, blood vessels, and involuntary muscles

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14
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis
- increase HR and dilate airways for more O2`

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15
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

the counter to sympathetic
- slows down HR, lowers BP, stimulates intestinal contractions

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16
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that is necessary for impulses to be carries throughout the nervous system

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17
Q

stimulus

A

begins the impulse

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18
Q

dendrites

A

branching fibers of the neuron
- receives the nervous impulse first

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19
Q

cell body

A

part of the nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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20
Q

cell nucleus

A
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21
Q

ganglion
ganglia

A
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22
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that is part of the neuron and carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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23
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of the nerve cell
- speeds impulse conduction along axon

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24
Q

terminal end fibers

A

where impulses passes through the axon to leave to cell

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25
Q

synapse

A

space where the nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another

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26
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance that brings the impulse to the synapse

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27
Q

examples of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
epinephrine aka (adrenaline)
dopamine
serotonin
endorphins

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28
Q

parenchyma

A

essential distinguishing tissue of an organ
- includes neurons and nerves

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29
Q

stroma

A

connective and supportive tissue of an organ

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30
Q

glial (neuroglial) cells

A

the supportive framework and wards off infection

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31
Q

4 types of supporting/ glial cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglial
  • oligodendroglial
  • ependymal
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32
Q

astrocytes cells

A

transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons
- they look like stars

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33
Q

microglial

A

they protect neurons in response to inflammation
- lots of dendrites

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34
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath covering the axons in the CNS

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35
Q

ependymal cells

A

line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where CSF is produced and circulates

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36
Q

blood brain barrier

A

glial cells/ astrocytes regulate the passage of potentially harmful substances from blood into the nerves of the brain cell

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37
Q

cerebrum responsible for

A

thought, judgement, memory, association,
discrimination

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38
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum
- contains sheets of nerve cells; grey matter of the brain

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39
Q

gyri

A

folds in the brain
sheet of nerve cells that produces ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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40
Q

sulci

A

grooves

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41
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

left and right sides of the brain

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42
Q

left brain

A

language
mathematical functioning
reasoning
analytical thinking

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43
Q

right brain

A

spatial relationships
art
music
emotions
intuition

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44
Q

brain’s 4 lobes

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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45
Q

ventricles

A

space/canals that contain watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around spinal cord

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46
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects the brain and spinal cord from shock by acting like a cushion

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47
Q

cerebrospinal fluid composition

A

lymphocytes, sugar, and proteins
- clear and colorless

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48
Q

lumbar puncture

A

spinal fluid can be withdrawn for diagnosis or relief of pressure on the brain

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49
Q

thalamus

A

decides what is important or not and relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex
- awareness and consciousness

50
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and pleasure
- releases hormones from the pituitary gland

51
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movement and maintains balance and posture

52
Q

midbrain

A

for seeing and hearing
- uppermost portion of the brainstem
connects cerebrum with lower portion of the brain

53
Q

pons

A

the “bridge” that connects cerebullum and cerebrum to the rest of the brain

54
Q

medulla oblongata
brainstem

A

connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain

55
Q

jobs of the medulla oblongata

A
  • respiratory center- controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals and stimuli
  • cardiac center- slows HR when beating too rapidly
    -vasomotor center- constricts or dilates muscles in the wall of blood vessels
56
Q

spinal cord

A

column of nervous tissue extending from medulla oblongata to L2 vertebra

57
Q

cauda equina
horse’s tail

A

bundle of nerve fibers

58
Q

gray matter

A

inner region composed of cell bodies and dendrites

59
Q

white matter

A

outer region made of nerve fiber tracts and myelin sheaths

60
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of CT membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

61
Q

dura mater

A

thick tough membranes of the outermost meninges
- contains channels that contain blood

62
Q

subdural space

A

below dural membrane

63
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the membranes
spider-like membrane loosely attached to other meninges by weblike fibers

64
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space for CSF between fibers and 3rd membrane

65
Q

pia mater

A

layer closest to the brain and spinal cord
- delicate CT with rich supply of blood vessels

66
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of the nerve cells

67
Q

brainstem

A

posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
- includes: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

68
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain
responsible for voluntary muscular activity
vision
speech
taste
hearing
thought
memory

69
Q

cranial nerves

A

nerves carry messages from the brain to all

70
Q

glial cell
neuroglial cell

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses

71
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from CSN

72
Q

midbrain

A

uppermost portion of the brainstem

73
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.

74
Q

stimulus

A

agent of change in the internal and external environment that evokes a response

75
Q

sulcus

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
- aka fissue

76
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

77
Q

spina bifida

A

congenial defects in the L spine column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

78
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration, personality change, and impairment of daily functioning

79
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem

80
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

81
Q

Huntington disease

A

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

82
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

destruction of myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue

83
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

84
Q

palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

85
Q

cerebral palsy

A

partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to cerebrum during pregnancy

86
Q

Bell palsy

A

paralysis to one side of the face

87
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia
- occurs late in life
weakness in muscles
- slowness of movement

88
Q

pallative

A

reliving the symptoms but not cured

89
Q

Tourettes

A

involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements, uncontrollable vocal sounds, and inappropriate words

90
Q

herpes zoster
shingles

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves

91
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

92
Q

human immunodeficiencyvirus encephalopathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring in aids

93
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

94
Q

cerebral concussion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

95
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head

96
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke

97
Q

thrombotic

A

blood cot in the arteries

98
Q

migraine

A

severe, recurring unilateral, vascular headache

99
Q

absence seizure

A

form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss or awareness of surroundings

100
Q

aneurysm

A

enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and stroke

101
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant brain tumor of astrocytes

102
Q

aura

A

peculiar symptom of sensation occurring before onset of attack of migraine or epileptic seizure

103
Q

dementia

A

mental decline and deterioration

104
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons

105
Q

dopamine

A

CNS nuerotransmitter deficient in patient with Parkinson disease

106
Q

embolus

A

clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel

107
Q

gait

A

manner of walking

108
Q

ictal even

A

pertaining to a sudden onset, as with the convulsions of epileptic seizure

109
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

110
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus

111
Q

TIA

A

transient ischmic attack
- occurs in all 3 types of seizures: thrombolytic, embolic, hemorrhagic

112
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles
- seen in Tourettes

113
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movement

114
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

samples of CSF are examined

115
Q

cerebral angiography

A

x-ray of arterial blood vessels in brain with contrast

116
Q

computed tomography of the brain

A

multiple images of the brain and spinal cord

117
Q

MRI

A

magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy to create images of brain and spinal cord

118
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

119
Q

doppler US

A

sound waves detect blood flow in carotid and intracranial arteries

120
Q

electroencephalography

A

recording of electrical activity of the brain

121
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

122
Q
A

MRI Med Term (47 decks)

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