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MRI Med Term > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

tumors
neoplasms

A

new growths that arise from normal skin

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2
Q

benign tumor

A

non-cancerous growth

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3
Q

malignant tumor

A

cancerous growth

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4
Q

characteristics of benign tumors

A
  • slow growth
  • encapsulated
  • differentiated
  • does not spread/ metastasize to other part of the body
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5
Q

characteristics of malignant tumors

A
  • multiples rapidly
  • invasive and infiltrative
  • anaplasia/ dedifferentiated/ undifferentiated ( not specialized)
  • metastasize- spreads to form secondary tumors in distant places
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6
Q

metastasis

A

a second growth

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7
Q

carcinogensis

A

transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one

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8
Q

DNA

A

genetic material

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9
Q

chromosomes

A

strands of DNA in the cell

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10
Q

mitosis

A

cell division

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11
Q

DNA jobs

A
  • mitosis
  • production of new proteins
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12
Q

gene

A

contains code for making a single protein

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13
Q

nucleotides

A

contains: sugar, phosphate, and a base

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14
Q

RNA

A

carries the coded message that directs the formation of a certain protein

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15
Q

anaplastic

A

stops the normal codes to carry out a function, leads to the growth and spread of tumor cells

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16
Q

mutation

A

damage to the cell’s DNA and creation of abnormal gene with changes

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17
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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18
Q

carcinogens

A

produce cancer

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19
Q

chemical carcinogens

A

found in hydrocarbons like smokes, dyes, chemicals
radiation- waves of energy
viruses- like T cell leukemia or Kaposi sarcoma

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20
Q

oncogenes

A

pieces of normal DNA, when activated by mutation, can convert to a cancerous cell

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21
Q

translocation

A

where two different chromosomes switch locations
- ex: Philadelphia chromosome

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22
Q

retinoblastoma

A

tumor of the retina of the eye

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23
Q

adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome

A

premalignant polyps that grow in the colon and rectum

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24
Q

suppressor genes

A

-regulate growth
- promotes differentiation
- suppresses oncogenes from causing cancer

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25
Q

examples of suppressor genes

A

retinoblastoma (Rb) type 1 gene and TP53 gene
- leads to brain tumors or breast cancer

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26
Q

genetic screening

A

when a person or family member test to determine whether a person has inherited the cancer causing gene

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27
Q

histogenesis

A

the particular type of tissue where the tumor cell arises
3 groups
- carcinomas
- sarcomas
-mixed tissue tumors

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28
Q

carcinomas

A

solid tumors that are derived from the epithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces
- skin, glands, and digestive, urinary, reproductive organs
- largest group

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29
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumors of the epithelial origin

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30
Q

gastric adeno carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells lining the stomach

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31
Q

GI- colon

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon

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32
Q

GI- esophagus

A

esophageal carcinoma

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33
Q

GI- liver

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)

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34
Q

GI- stomach

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

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35
Q

Gland tissue- adrenal glands

A

carcinoma of adrenals (adrenocortical carcinoma)

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36
Q

Gland tissue- breast

A

carcinoma of the breast

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37
Q

Gland tissue- pancreas

A

carcinoma of the pancreas (pancreatic carcinoma)

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38
Q

Gland tissue- prostate

A

carcinoma of the prostate

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39
Q

Gland tissue- salivary glands

A

adenoid cystic carcinoma

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40
Q

Gland tissue- thyroid

A

carcinoma of the thyroid

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41
Q

Kidney and bladder

A

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

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42
Q

Lung

A

adenocarcinoma (bronchioalveolar)
large cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid)

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43
Q

reproductive organs

A

adenocarcinoma of the uterus
squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
choriocarcinoma of the uterus or testes
cystadenocarcinoma (mucinous or serous) of the ovaries
seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma (testes)
squamous cell (epermoid) carcinoma of the vagina or cervix

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44
Q

skin- basil cell layer

A

basal cell carcinoma

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45
Q

skin- melanocyte

A

malignant melanoma

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46
Q

sarcoma

A

derived from the connective tissues
- bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone marrow

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47
Q

mesenchymal tissue

A

embryonic connective tissue from which sarcoma are derived

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48
Q

osteoma

A

bone tumor

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49
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of bone

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50
Q

leukemia and multiple myeloma

A

derived from bone marrow

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51
Q

lymphoma

A

derived from immune cells in lymphatic system

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52
Q

glial cell in the brain and nervous system

A

gliomas and neuroblastomas

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53
Q

CT Bone

A

osteosarcoma
ewing sarcoma

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54
Q

CT smooth muscle

A

leiomyosarcoma

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55
Q

CT striated muscle

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

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56
Q

CT cartilage

A

chondrosarcoma

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57
Q

CT fat

A

lipsarcoma

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58
Q

CT fibrous tissue

A

fibrosarcoma

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59
Q

CT blood vessel tissue

A

angiosarcoma

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60
Q

blood forming tissue- leukocytes

A

luekemias

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61
Q

blood forming tissue- lymphocytes

A

lymphomas
- Hodgkin
- non Hodgkin

  1. follicular
  2. diffuse large cell
  3. Burkitt
  4. anaplastic large cell
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62
Q

Plasma cell (bone marrow)

A

muliple myeloma

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63
Q

Nerve tissue

A

neuroblastoma

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64
Q

nerve cells of the GI tract

A

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

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65
Q

glial tissue

A

astrocytoma
glioblastoma multiforme

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66
Q

mixed tissue kideny

A

Wilms- embryonal adenosarcoma

67
Q

mixed tissue- ovaries and testes

A

teratoma
germ cell tumor

68
Q

cystic

A

forming large open spaces filled with fluid

69
Q

mucinous tumors

A

mucus- thick, sticky, fluid

70
Q

serous tumor

A

serum- thin, watery fluid

71
Q

fungating

A

mushroom pattern growth where tumor cells pile on top of another

72
Q

imflammatory

A

inflammation- redness, swelling, heat

73
Q

meduallary

A

large, soft, flashy tumors

74
Q

necrotic

A

dead tissue

75
Q

polypoid

A

growths that form projections extending outward from a base

76
Q

sessile polypoid

A

tumors extend from a broad base

77
Q

pedunculated

A

extends from a stem or a stalk

78
Q

ulcerating

A

open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue

79
Q

verrucous

A

wart like growth

80
Q

alveolar

A

tumor cell patterns resembles small sacs

81
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

localized tumor cells that not have invaded adjacent structures

82
Q

diffuse

A

spread evenly

83
Q

dysplatic

A

containing abnormal appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous

84
Q

epidermoid

A

resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate like)

85
Q

follicular

A

forming small glandular sacs

86
Q

papillary

A

small, finger like or nipple like projections of cells

87
Q

pleomorphic

A

composed of variety of cells

88
Q

scirrhous

A

densely packed tumors due to dense bands of fibrous tissue

89
Q

undifferentiated

A

lacking any microscopic structures

90
Q

debulking procedure

A

remove as much of the primary tumor mass as possible

91
Q

adjuvant

92
Q

cauterization

A

destruction by burning

93
Q

core needle biopsy

A

large bore needle that extracts a core of tissue

94
Q

cryosurgery

A

subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue

95
Q

en bloc resection

A

tumor is removed along with large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes

96
Q

excisional biopsy

A

removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue

97
Q

exenteration

A

wide resection involving removal of the tumor, organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space

98
Q

fine needle aspiration

A

very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for evaluation

99
Q

fulguration

A

destruction of tissue by electric sparks via high frequency current

100
Q

incisional biopsy

A

piece of tumor is removed for exam to establish diagnosis

101
Q

brachytherapy

A

implantation or small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into tumor

102
Q

electron beams

A

low energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors

103
Q

external beam irradiation (teletherapy)

A

radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source

104
Q

fractionation

A

dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer large doses

105
Q

gray (Gy)

A

unit of absorbed radiation dose

106
Q

linear accelerator

A

large electronic device the produces high energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors

107
Q

photon therapy

A

radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays

108
Q

proton therapy

A

small subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit all the energy at a focused finite point

109
Q

radiation fields

A

dimensions of the size of radiation area sued to treatr a tumor

110
Q

radiocurable tumor

A

tumor that can completely eradicated by radiation therapy

111
Q

radioresistant tumor

A

tumor requires large doses of radiation to produce death of cells

112
Q

radiosensitive

A

tumor in which irradiation can cause death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissues

113
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

single, large does of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance from multiple angles to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors

114
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms

115
Q

mucositis

A

inflammation and ulceration of mucus membranes

116
Q

myelosuppresion

A

bone marrow depression

117
Q

nausea and vomiting

A

uneasiness of the stomach and emptying of its contents

118
Q

xerostomia

A

dryness of the mouth

119
Q

alopecia

120
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of urinary bladder

121
Q

pneumonitis

A

inflammation of lungs

122
Q

proctitis

A

inflammation of rectum and anus

123
Q

fibrosis

A

increase of connective tissue

124
Q

secondary tumors

A

new types of tumors in separate areas

125
Q

infertility

A

loss of reproductive function

126
Q

cancer chemotherapy

A

treatment of cancer using drugs

127
Q

combination therapy

A

use of two or more drugs together to kill tumors

128
Q

protocol

A

plan
regimen

129
Q

remission

A

absence of all signs of disease

130
Q

adjuvant chemotherapy

A

administration of drug treatment after surgery to kill any residual cancer cells

131
Q

neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

administered to reduce size of tumor

132
Q

alkylating agents

A

causes crosslink and breaks in DNA that interfere with cell division
- cisplatin (platinol) and cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)

133
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs produced by fungi or bacteria and inhibit cell division by causing breaks in DNA strands
- doxorubicin (adriamycin)

134
Q

antimetabodies

A

block synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevents cell division
- methotrexate and 5FU

135
Q

antimiotics

A

chemicals block the function of protein that is necessary for cell division.
- paclitaxel (taxol)- made of bacteria, fungi, plants or small sea animals in coral reefs

136
Q

hormonal agents

A

blocks hormone receptors on cells so that growth is inhibited
- tamoxifen (novadex)- estrogen receptors
- anastrozole (arimidex)- prevents conversion of androgen to estrogen and starve breast tumors

137
Q

clinical trials phase 1

A

tested in a small group (20-80) to evaluate safety

138
Q

clinical trials phase 2

A

given to a larger group with a specific cancer to identify tumor response rate and define safety risks

139
Q

clinical trials phase 3

A

100-1000s of people, group split into 2 : new drug vs old drug\
- seeks FDA approval

140
Q

clinical trials phase 4

A

FDA approved large study- marketing, monitoring safety, identify new indications, and new drug combos

141
Q

chimeric antigen receptor

A

designed to bind CD19 protein on B-cell tumors

142
Q

CAR T cells

A

infused into patient where they attack and destroy B cell tumors

143
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

kill tumors by blocking growth receptors on their cell surface

144
Q

herceptin

A

inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells

145
Q

checkpoint inhibitors

A

used to treat melanoma, lymphoma, lung, kidney, bladder, and colon cancer

146
Q

cytogenetic analysis

A

chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations or deletion of DNA

147
Q

imunnohistochemistry

A

localization of antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies

148
Q

protein marker tests

A

measure the level of protein in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells

149
Q

protein marker test- acid phosphatase

A

prostate cancer

150
Q

protein marker test- alpha fetoprotein

A

liver or testicular cancer

151
Q

protein marker test- beta-hCG

A

choriocarcinoma or testicular cancer

152
Q

protein marker test- CA-125

A

ovarian cancer

153
Q

protein marker test- CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)

A

colorectal or GI cancer

154
Q

protein marker test- estrogen receptor

A

breast cancer

155
Q

protein marker test- PSA ( prostate specific antigen)

A

prostate cancer

156
Q

protein marker test- 19.9

A

pancreatic cancer

156
Q

protein marker test- 15.3 and 29.7

A

breast cancer

157
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells

158
Q

bone marrow or stem cell transplant

A

bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient

159
Q

exfoliative cytology

A

cells are scraped from a region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope

160
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual exam of abdominal cavity using small incision and laparoscope

161
Q

liquid biopsy

A

test done on a sample of blood to look for cancer cells or pieces of DNA from tumor cells

162
Q

radionuclide scans

A

radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of organs are obtained

MRI Med Term (47 decks)

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