Chapter 19 Flashcards
tumors
neoplasms
new growths that arise from normal skin
benign tumor
non-cancerous growth
malignant tumor
cancerous growth
characteristics of benign tumors
- slow growth
- encapsulated
- differentiated
- does not spread/ metastasize to other part of the body
characteristics of malignant tumors
- multiples rapidly
- invasive and infiltrative
- anaplasia/ dedifferentiated/ undifferentiated ( not specialized)
- metastasize- spreads to form secondary tumors in distant places
metastasis
a second growth
carcinogensis
transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one
DNA
genetic material
chromosomes
strands of DNA in the cell
mitosis
cell division
DNA jobs
- mitosis
- production of new proteins
gene
contains code for making a single protein
nucleotides
contains: sugar, phosphate, and a base
RNA
carries the coded message that directs the formation of a certain protein
anaplastic
stops the normal codes to carry out a function, leads to the growth and spread of tumor cells
mutation
damage to the cell’s DNA and creation of abnormal gene with changes
apoptosis
programmed cell death
carcinogens
produce cancer
chemical carcinogens
found in hydrocarbons like smokes, dyes, chemicals
radiation- waves of energy
viruses- like T cell leukemia or Kaposi sarcoma
oncogenes
pieces of normal DNA, when activated by mutation, can convert to a cancerous cell
translocation
where two different chromosomes switch locations
- ex: Philadelphia chromosome
retinoblastoma
tumor of the retina of the eye
adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome
premalignant polyps that grow in the colon and rectum
suppressor genes
-regulate growth
- promotes differentiation
- suppresses oncogenes from causing cancer
examples of suppressor genes
retinoblastoma (Rb) type 1 gene and TP53 gene
- leads to brain tumors or breast cancer
genetic screening
when a person or family member test to determine whether a person has inherited the cancer causing gene
histogenesis
the particular type of tissue where the tumor cell arises
3 groups
- carcinomas
- sarcomas
-mixed tissue tumors
carcinomas
solid tumors that are derived from the epithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces
- skin, glands, and digestive, urinary, reproductive organs
- largest group
adenoma
benign tumors of the epithelial origin
gastric adeno carcinoma
cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells lining the stomach
GI- colon
adenocarcinoma of the colon
GI- esophagus
esophageal carcinoma
GI- liver
hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)
GI- stomach
gastric adenocarcinoma
Gland tissue- adrenal glands
carcinoma of adrenals (adrenocortical carcinoma)
Gland tissue- breast
carcinoma of the breast
Gland tissue- pancreas
carcinoma of the pancreas (pancreatic carcinoma)
Gland tissue- prostate
carcinoma of the prostate
Gland tissue- salivary glands
adenoid cystic carcinoma
Gland tissue- thyroid
carcinoma of the thyroid
Kidney and bladder
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Lung
adenocarcinoma (bronchioalveolar)
large cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid)
reproductive organs
adenocarcinoma of the uterus
squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
choriocarcinoma of the uterus or testes
cystadenocarcinoma (mucinous or serous) of the ovaries
seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma (testes)
squamous cell (epermoid) carcinoma of the vagina or cervix
skin- basil cell layer
basal cell carcinoma
skin- melanocyte
malignant melanoma
sarcoma
derived from the connective tissues
- bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone marrow
mesenchymal tissue
embryonic connective tissue from which sarcoma are derived
osteoma
bone tumor
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone
leukemia and multiple myeloma
derived from bone marrow
lymphoma
derived from immune cells in lymphatic system
glial cell in the brain and nervous system
gliomas and neuroblastomas
CT Bone
osteosarcoma
ewing sarcoma
CT smooth muscle
leiomyosarcoma
CT striated muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
CT cartilage
chondrosarcoma
CT fat
lipsarcoma
CT fibrous tissue
fibrosarcoma
CT blood vessel tissue
angiosarcoma
blood forming tissue- leukocytes
luekemias
blood forming tissue- lymphocytes
lymphomas
- Hodgkin
- non Hodgkin
- follicular
- diffuse large cell
- Burkitt
- anaplastic large cell
Plasma cell (bone marrow)
muliple myeloma
Nerve tissue
neuroblastoma
nerve cells of the GI tract
gastrointestinal stromal tumor
glial tissue
astrocytoma
glioblastoma multiforme
mixed tissue kideny
Wilms- embryonal adenosarcoma
mixed tissue- ovaries and testes
teratoma
germ cell tumor
cystic
forming large open spaces filled with fluid
mucinous tumors
mucus- thick, sticky, fluid
serous tumor
serum- thin, watery fluid
fungating
mushroom pattern growth where tumor cells pile on top of another
imflammatory
inflammation- redness, swelling, heat
meduallary
large, soft, flashy tumors
necrotic
dead tissue
polypoid
growths that form projections extending outward from a base
sessile polypoid
tumors extend from a broad base
pedunculated
extends from a stem or a stalk
ulcerating
open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue
verrucous
wart like growth
alveolar
tumor cell patterns resembles small sacs
carcinoma in situ
localized tumor cells that not have invaded adjacent structures
diffuse
spread evenly
dysplatic
containing abnormal appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous
epidermoid
resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate like)
follicular
forming small glandular sacs
papillary
small, finger like or nipple like projections of cells
pleomorphic
composed of variety of cells
scirrhous
densely packed tumors due to dense bands of fibrous tissue
undifferentiated
lacking any microscopic structures
debulking procedure
remove as much of the primary tumor mass as possible
adjuvant
assisting
cauterization
destruction by burning
core needle biopsy
large bore needle that extracts a core of tissue
cryosurgery
subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue
en bloc resection
tumor is removed along with large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes
excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue
exenteration
wide resection involving removal of the tumor, organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space
fine needle aspiration
very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for evaluation
fulguration
destruction of tissue by electric sparks via high frequency current
incisional biopsy
piece of tumor is removed for exam to establish diagnosis
brachytherapy
implantation or small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into tumor
electron beams
low energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors
external beam irradiation (teletherapy)
radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source
fractionation
dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer large doses
gray (Gy)
unit of absorbed radiation dose
linear accelerator
large electronic device the produces high energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors
photon therapy
radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays
proton therapy
small subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit all the energy at a focused finite point
radiation fields
dimensions of the size of radiation area sued to treatr a tumor
radiocurable tumor
tumor that can completely eradicated by radiation therapy
radioresistant tumor
tumor requires large doses of radiation to produce death of cells
radiosensitive
tumor in which irradiation can cause death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissues
stereotactic radiosurgery
single, large does of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance from multiple angles to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors
palliative
relieving symptoms
mucositis
inflammation and ulceration of mucus membranes
myelosuppresion
bone marrow depression
nausea and vomiting
uneasiness of the stomach and emptying of its contents
xerostomia
dryness of the mouth
alopecia
baldness
cystitis
inflammation of urinary bladder
pneumonitis
inflammation of lungs
proctitis
inflammation of rectum and anus
fibrosis
increase of connective tissue
secondary tumors
new types of tumors in separate areas
infertility
loss of reproductive function
cancer chemotherapy
treatment of cancer using drugs
combination therapy
use of two or more drugs together to kill tumors
protocol
plan
regimen
remission
absence of all signs of disease
adjuvant chemotherapy
administration of drug treatment after surgery to kill any residual cancer cells
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
administered to reduce size of tumor
alkylating agents
causes crosslink and breaks in DNA that interfere with cell division
- cisplatin (platinol) and cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)
antibiotics
drugs produced by fungi or bacteria and inhibit cell division by causing breaks in DNA strands
- doxorubicin (adriamycin)
antimetabodies
block synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevents cell division
- methotrexate and 5FU
antimiotics
chemicals block the function of protein that is necessary for cell division.
- paclitaxel (taxol)- made of bacteria, fungi, plants or small sea animals in coral reefs
hormonal agents
blocks hormone receptors on cells so that growth is inhibited
- tamoxifen (novadex)- estrogen receptors
- anastrozole (arimidex)- prevents conversion of androgen to estrogen and starve breast tumors
clinical trials phase 1
tested in a small group (20-80) to evaluate safety
clinical trials phase 2
given to a larger group with a specific cancer to identify tumor response rate and define safety risks
clinical trials phase 3
100-1000s of people, group split into 2 : new drug vs old drug\
- seeks FDA approval
clinical trials phase 4
FDA approved large study- marketing, monitoring safety, identify new indications, and new drug combos
chimeric antigen receptor
designed to bind CD19 protein on B-cell tumors
CAR T cells
infused into patient where they attack and destroy B cell tumors
monoclonal antibodies
kill tumors by blocking growth receptors on their cell surface
herceptin
inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells
checkpoint inhibitors
used to treat melanoma, lymphoma, lung, kidney, bladder, and colon cancer
cytogenetic analysis
chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations or deletion of DNA
imunnohistochemistry
localization of antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies
protein marker tests
measure the level of protein in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells
protein marker test- acid phosphatase
prostate cancer
protein marker test- alpha fetoprotein
liver or testicular cancer
protein marker test- beta-hCG
choriocarcinoma or testicular cancer
protein marker test- CA-125
ovarian cancer
protein marker test- CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
colorectal or GI cancer
protein marker test- estrogen receptor
breast cancer
protein marker test- PSA ( prostate specific antigen)
prostate cancer
protein marker test- 19.9
pancreatic cancer
protein marker test- 15.3 and 29.7
breast cancer
bone marrow biopsy
aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells
bone marrow or stem cell transplant
bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient
exfoliative cytology
cells are scraped from a region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
laparoscopy
visual exam of abdominal cavity using small incision and laparoscope
liquid biopsy
test done on a sample of blood to look for cancer cells or pieces of DNA from tumor cells
radionuclide scans
radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of organs are obtained
