Chapter 19 Flashcards
1
Q
tumors
neoplasms
A
new growths that arise from normal skin
2
Q
benign tumor
A
non-cancerous growth
3
Q
malignant tumor
A
cancerous growth
4
Q
characteristics of benign tumors
A
- slow growth
- encapsulated
- differentiated
- does not spread/ metastasize to other part of the body
5
Q
characteristics of malignant tumors
A
- multiples rapidly
- invasive and infiltrative
- anaplasia/ dedifferentiated/ undifferentiated ( not specialized)
- metastasize- spreads to form secondary tumors in distant places
6
Q
metastasis
A
a second growth
7
Q
carcinogensis
A
transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one
8
Q
DNA
A
genetic material
9
Q
chromosomes
A
strands of DNA in the cell
10
Q
mitosis
A
cell division
11
Q
DNA jobs
A
- mitosis
- production of new proteins
12
Q
gene
A
contains code for making a single protein
13
Q
nucleotides
A
contains: sugar, phosphate, and a base
14
Q
RNA
A
carries the coded message that directs the formation of a certain protein
15
Q
anaplastic
A
stops the normal codes to carry out a function, leads to the growth and spread of tumor cells
16
Q
mutation
A
damage to the cell’s DNA and creation of abnormal gene with changes
17
Q
apoptosis
A
programmed cell death
18
Q
carcinogens
A
produce cancer
19
Q
chemical carcinogens
A
found in hydrocarbons like smokes, dyes, chemicals
radiation- waves of energy
viruses- like T cell leukemia or Kaposi sarcoma
20
Q
oncogenes
A
pieces of normal DNA, when activated by mutation, can convert to a cancerous cell
21
Q
translocation
A
where two different chromosomes switch locations
- ex: Philadelphia chromosome
22
Q
retinoblastoma
A
tumor of the retina of the eye
23
Q
adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome
A
premalignant polyps that grow in the colon and rectum
24
Q
suppressor genes
A
-regulate growth
- promotes differentiation
- suppresses oncogenes from causing cancer
25
examples of suppressor genes
retinoblastoma (Rb) type 1 gene and TP53 gene
- leads to brain tumors or breast cancer
26
genetic screening
when a person or family member test to determine whether a person has inherited the cancer causing gene
27
histogenesis
the particular type of tissue where the tumor cell arises
3 groups
- carcinomas
- sarcomas
-mixed tissue tumors
28
carcinomas
solid tumors that are derived from the epithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces
- skin, glands, and digestive, urinary, reproductive organs
- largest group
29
adenoma
benign tumors of the epithelial origin
30
gastric adeno carcinoma
cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells lining the stomach
31
GI- colon
adenocarcinoma of the colon
32
GI- esophagus
esophageal carcinoma
33
GI- liver
hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)
34
GI- stomach
gastric adenocarcinoma
35
Gland tissue- adrenal glands
carcinoma of adrenals (adrenocortical carcinoma)
36
Gland tissue- breast
carcinoma of the breast
37
Gland tissue- pancreas
carcinoma of the pancreas (pancreatic carcinoma)
38
Gland tissue- prostate
carcinoma of the prostate
39
Gland tissue- salivary glands
adenoid cystic carcinoma
40
Gland tissue- thyroid
carcinoma of the thyroid
41
Kidney and bladder
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
42
Lung
adenocarcinoma (bronchioalveolar)
large cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid)
43
reproductive organs
adenocarcinoma of the uterus
squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
choriocarcinoma of the uterus or testes
cystadenocarcinoma (mucinous or serous) of the ovaries
seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma (testes)
squamous cell (epermoid) carcinoma of the vagina or cervix
44
skin- basil cell layer
basal cell carcinoma
45
skin- melanocyte
malignant melanoma
46
sarcoma
derived from the connective tissues
- bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone marrow
47
mesenchymal tissue
embryonic connective tissue from which sarcoma are derived
48
osteoma
bone tumor
49
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone
50
leukemia and multiple myeloma
derived from bone marrow
51
lymphoma
derived from immune cells in lymphatic system
52
glial cell in the brain and nervous system
gliomas and neuroblastomas
53
CT Bone
osteosarcoma
ewing sarcoma
54
CT smooth muscle
leiomyosarcoma
55
CT striated muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
56
CT cartilage
chondrosarcoma
57
CT fat
lipsarcoma
58
CT fibrous tissue
fibrosarcoma
59
CT blood vessel tissue
angiosarcoma
60
blood forming tissue- leukocytes
luekemias
61
blood forming tissue- lymphocytes
lymphomas
- Hodgkin
- non Hodgkin
1. follicular
2. diffuse large cell
3. Burkitt
4. anaplastic large cell
62
Plasma cell (bone marrow)
muliple myeloma
63
Nerve tissue
neuroblastoma
64
nerve cells of the GI tract
gastrointestinal stromal tumor
65
glial tissue
astrocytoma
glioblastoma multiforme
66
mixed tissue kideny
Wilms- embryonal adenosarcoma
67
mixed tissue- ovaries and testes
teratoma
germ cell tumor
68
cystic
forming large open spaces filled with fluid
69
mucinous tumors
mucus- thick, sticky, fluid
70
serous tumor
serum- thin, watery fluid
71
fungating
mushroom pattern growth where tumor cells pile on top of another
72
imflammatory
inflammation- redness, swelling, heat
73
meduallary
large, soft, flashy tumors
74
necrotic
dead tissue
75
polypoid
growths that form projections extending outward from a base
76
sessile polypoid
tumors extend from a broad base
77
pedunculated
extends from a stem or a stalk
78
ulcerating
open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue
79
verrucous
wart like growth
80
alveolar
tumor cell patterns resembles small sacs
81
carcinoma in situ
localized tumor cells that not have invaded adjacent structures
82
diffuse
spread evenly
83
dysplatic
containing abnormal appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous
84
epidermoid
resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate like)
85
follicular
forming small glandular sacs
86
papillary
small, finger like or nipple like projections of cells
87
pleomorphic
composed of variety of cells
88
scirrhous
densely packed tumors due to dense bands of fibrous tissue
89
undifferentiated
lacking any microscopic structures
90
debulking procedure
remove as much of the primary tumor mass as possible
91
adjuvant
assisting
92
cauterization
destruction by burning
93
core needle biopsy
large bore needle that extracts a core of tissue
94
cryosurgery
subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue
95
en bloc resection
tumor is removed along with large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes
96
excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue
97
exenteration
wide resection involving removal of the tumor, organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space
98
fine needle aspiration
very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for evaluation
99
fulguration
destruction of tissue by electric sparks via high frequency current
100
incisional biopsy
piece of tumor is removed for exam to establish diagnosis
101
brachytherapy
implantation or small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into tumor
102
electron beams
low energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors
103
external beam irradiation (teletherapy)
radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source
104
fractionation
dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer large doses
105
gray (Gy)
unit of absorbed radiation dose
106
linear accelerator
large electronic device the produces high energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors
107
photon therapy
radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays
108
proton therapy
small subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit all the energy at a focused finite point
109
radiation fields
dimensions of the size of radiation area sued to treatr a tumor
110
radiocurable tumor
tumor that can completely eradicated by radiation therapy
111
radioresistant tumor
tumor requires large doses of radiation to produce death of cells
112
radiosensitive
tumor in which irradiation can cause death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissues
113
stereotactic radiosurgery
single, large does of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance from multiple angles to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors
114
palliative
relieving symptoms
115
mucositis
inflammation and ulceration of mucus membranes
116
myelosuppresion
bone marrow depression
117
nausea and vomiting
uneasiness of the stomach and emptying of its contents
118
xerostomia
dryness of the mouth
119
alopecia
baldness
120
cystitis
inflammation of urinary bladder
121
pneumonitis
inflammation of lungs
122
proctitis
inflammation of rectum and anus
123
fibrosis
increase of connective tissue
124
secondary tumors
new types of tumors in separate areas
125
infertility
loss of reproductive function
126
cancer chemotherapy
treatment of cancer using drugs
127
combination therapy
use of two or more drugs together to kill tumors
128
protocol
plan
regimen
129
remission
absence of all signs of disease
130
adjuvant chemotherapy
administration of drug treatment after surgery to kill any residual cancer cells
131
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
administered to reduce size of tumor
132
alkylating agents
causes crosslink and breaks in DNA that interfere with cell division
- cisplatin (platinol) and cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)
133
antibiotics
drugs produced by fungi or bacteria and inhibit cell division by causing breaks in DNA strands
- doxorubicin (adriamycin)
134
antimetabodies
block synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevents cell division
- methotrexate and 5FU
135
antimiotics
chemicals block the function of protein that is necessary for cell division.
- paclitaxel (taxol)- made of bacteria, fungi, plants or small sea animals in coral reefs
136
hormonal agents
blocks hormone receptors on cells so that growth is inhibited
- tamoxifen (novadex)- estrogen receptors
- anastrozole (arimidex)- prevents conversion of androgen to estrogen and starve breast tumors
137
clinical trials phase 1
tested in a small group (20-80) to evaluate safety
138
clinical trials phase 2
given to a larger group with a specific cancer to identify tumor response rate and define safety risks
139
clinical trials phase 3
100-1000s of people, group split into 2 : new drug vs old drug\
- seeks FDA approval
140
clinical trials phase 4
FDA approved large study- marketing, monitoring safety, identify new indications, and new drug combos
141
chimeric antigen receptor
designed to bind CD19 protein on B-cell tumors
142
CAR T cells
infused into patient where they attack and destroy B cell tumors
143
monoclonal antibodies
kill tumors by blocking growth receptors on their cell surface
144
herceptin
inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells
145
checkpoint inhibitors
used to treat melanoma, lymphoma, lung, kidney, bladder, and colon cancer
146
cytogenetic analysis
chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations or deletion of DNA
147
imunnohistochemistry
localization of antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies
148
protein marker tests
measure the level of protein in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells
149
protein marker test- acid phosphatase
prostate cancer
150
protein marker test- alpha fetoprotein
liver or testicular cancer
151
protein marker test- beta-hCG
choriocarcinoma or testicular cancer
152
protein marker test- CA-125
ovarian cancer
153
protein marker test- CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
colorectal or GI cancer
154
protein marker test- estrogen receptor
breast cancer
155
protein marker test- PSA ( prostate specific antigen)
prostate cancer
156
protein marker test- 19.9
pancreatic cancer
156
protein marker test- 15.3 and 29.7
breast cancer
157
bone marrow biopsy
aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells
158
bone marrow or stem cell transplant
bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient
159
exfoliative cytology
cells are scraped from a region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
160
laparoscopy
visual exam of abdominal cavity using small incision and laparoscope
161
liquid biopsy
test done on a sample of blood to look for cancer cells or pieces of DNA from tumor cells
162
radionuclide scans
radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of organs are obtained
