Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc 375: History of Psychology > Chapter 5 Practice Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Practice Quiz Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards AP® World History flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is British empiricism?

A

British empiricism is an epistemological philosophy emphasizing sensory experience as the primary source of knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who are some notable British empiricists?

A

John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Thomas Hobbes known for?

A

Thomas Hobbes is known for his significant contributions to political philosophy and empiricist thought.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Hobbes’ view on the source of knowledge?

A

Hobbes emphasized the significance of sensory experience as the sole source of knowledge and rejected the concept of innate ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Hobbes’ view on the existence of a nonmaterial mind?

A

Hobbes was a materialist and denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did Hobbes explain psychological phenomena such as attention and memory?

A

Hobbes attributed attention to the retention of motion by sense organs and explained memory through the decay of sense impressions over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What motivated human behavior according to Hobbes?

A

Human behavior was motivated by both appetite (seeking or maintaining pleasurable experiences) and aversion (avoidance or termination of painful experiences).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was Hobbes’ view on free will?

A

Hobbes denied the existence of free will and defined will as the prevailing action tendency in the face of competing appetites and aversions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How did Hobbes explain the coherence of thought processes?

A

Hobbes posited the concept of association, proposing that events experienced together are remembered and thought of together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a recommended approach to reading Hobbes’ major work, Leviathan?

A

It is recommended to become adapted to the syntax and vocabulary of Hobbes’ time, as he uses words like ‘fancy’ as a synonym for an idea or notion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is physical monism?

A

Physical monism is the idea that everything that exists has a concrete physical basis and that there is no nonphysical mental world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is John Locke?

A

John Locke was a prominent English philosopher and physician, best known for his contributions to empiricism and liberalism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge arises from sensory experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the mind-body distinction according to Locke?

A

Locke accepted a mind-body dualism, acknowledging the separation between the physical and the mental.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Locke believe about innate ideas?

A

Locke strongly opposed the notion of innate ideas, asserting that humans are not born with any innate ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two sources of ideas according to Locke?

A

The two sources of ideas according to Locke are sensation and reflection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex ideas?

A

Simple ideas are indivisible and directly derived from sensory experiences, while complex ideas are combinations of simple ideas formed through mental operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the fundamental human emotions according to Locke?

A

The fundamental human emotions according to Locke are love, desire, joy, hatred, sorrow, anger, fear, despair, envy, shame, and hope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the distinction between primary and secondary qualities?

A

Primary qualities correspond to physical attributes and produce ideas that accurately reflect the physical world, while secondary qualities produce ideas that do not correspond directly to physical attributes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did Locke believe about the acquisition of knowledge?

A

Locke emphasized the role of both active reflection and associative learning in the acquisition of knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Locke emphasize in his work on education?

A

The importance of experiential learning and nurture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What approach to education did Locke advocate for?

A

A balanced approach, stressing health, moderation, praise, and avoiding excessive punishment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What political philosophy did Locke greatly influence?

A

Liberalism and democracy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What theory did Locke advocate for in government?

A

The social contract theory and government by the consent of the governed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did Locke challenge in terms of political authority?

A

The divine right of kings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did Locke emphasize about individuals seeking truth?

A

The right of individuals to seek truth independently rather than having it imposed on them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What field of study does Locke’s associationism anticipate?

A

Behaviour analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What did Locke explain current behavior in terms of?

A

Specific past interactions with the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What method did Locke suggest for dealing with a fear of frogs?

A

Graduated exposure techniques.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What did Locke admonish against in terms of behavior control?

A

The use of intense physical punishment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who was George Berkeley?

A

An Irish philosopher.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What did Berkeley oppose in terms of philosophy?

A

Materialism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What did Berkeley argue about the physical world?

A

That it is merely perceptions in the mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What phrase encapsulates Berkeley’s philosophy?

A

“To be is to be perceived”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What did Berkeley reject in terms of qualities?

A

The existence of primary qualities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What did Berkeley believe the physical world consists of?

A

Ideas and perceptions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What did Berkeley propose about the existence of external reality?

A

That it is dependent on divine perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What principle did Berkeley support?

A

The principle of association.

39
Q

What theory did Berkeley put forth about distance perception?

A

An empirical theory, emphasizing the association of sensations.

40
Q

What was David Hume’s philosophical goal?

A

His philosophical goal was to establish a science of human nature based on experience and observation.

41
Q

How did Hume view physical reality?

A

Hume emphasized that we can never know physical reality directly but must assume its existence.

42
Q

What are the three laws of association of ideas according to Hume?

A

The three laws of association of ideas according to Hume are resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect.

43
Q

What was Hume’s view on causation?

A

Hume disputed the traditional view of causation and argued that causal relationships are based on consistent observations rather than any necessary connection.

44
Q

How did Hume view the mind and self?

A

Hume proposed that the mind is a collection of perceptions and the self is inseparable from these perceptions.

45
Q

What role did Hume suggest emotions play in determining behavior?

A

Hume suggested that emotions play a crucial role in determining behavior, asserting that human behavior is motivated by passions associated with experiences of pleasure and pain.

46
Q

What were David Hartley’s main goals as a philosopher?

A

Hartley aimed to synthesize Newton’s understanding of nerve transmission with the empirical philosophy of Locke and connect the pressing questions of philosophy with contemporary ideas in physiology.

47
Q

How did Hartley explain the process of association?

A

Hartley believed that sense impressions caused vibrations in the nerves, which led to corresponding vibrations in the brain’s ‘medullary substance,’ resulting in ideas as weaker copies of sensations.

48
Q

According to Hartley, how are complex ideas formed?

A

All complex ideas are automatically formed by the process of association.

49
Q

What did Hartley believe is the sole process responsible for the formation of ideas?

A

Association.

50
Q

According to Hartley, how does involuntary behavior become voluntary?

A

Through the process of association.

51
Q

What impact did Hartley’s work have on the study of mental events?

A

It had a profound impact on the study of the biological basis of mental events.

52
Q

Who was influenced by Hartley’s ideas on the association of ideas?

A

John B. Watson.

53
Q

What did James Mill propose about the mind?

A

The mind is composed of sensations and ideas linked by contiguity.

54
Q

According to Mill, what factors influence the strength of associations?

A

Factors such as vividness and frequency.

55
Q

What is utilitarianism grounded in?

A

Hedonism

56
Q

What is the basis for human happiness and ethical decision-making in utilitarianism?

A

Pleasure and pain.

57
Q

What is James Mill’s most notable work?

A

Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind

58
Q

What is James Mill’s contribution to psychology?

A

He conceptualized the mind as a predictable system of mental elements bound by the laws of association.

59
Q

Who revised James Mill’s mechanistic view of the mind?

A

John Stuart Mill

60
Q

What is John Stuart Mill’s concept of ‘mental chemistry’?

A

The idea that complex ideas can emerge from the fusion of simpler ideas, similar to chemical compounds creating substances different from their elements.

61
Q

What did John Stuart Mill advocate for in psychology?

A

The development of psychology as a science based on the principles of associationism.

62
Q

What is ethology according to John Stuart Mill?

A

The science of the formation of character, derived from a fundamental science of human nature.

63
Q

What hindered the development of ethology as a science according to John Stuart Mill?

A

The limitations of his theory of human nature, which emphasized the association of ideas over emotional factors.

64
Q

What were some of John Stuart Mill’s social reform causes?

A

Freedom of speech, representative government, and the emancipation of women.

65
Q

What philosophy did John Stuart Mill follow?

A

Utilitarianism

66
Q

Where was Alexander Bain born?

A

Aberdeen, Scotland

67
Q

What were Alexander Bain’s seminal works?

A

“The Senses and the Intellect” (1855) and “Emotions and the Will” (1859)

68
Q

What is Alexander Bain considered one of the earliest pioneers of?

A

Psychology

69
Q

What were Bain’s primary goals in psychology?

A

To provide a comprehensive framework for comprehending mental phenomena

70
Q

What were Bain’s laws of association influenced by?

A

The British empiricists

71
Q

What is the fundamental principle of association according to Bain?

A

The law of contiguity

72
Q

What did Bain emphasize in terms of voluntary behavior?

A

The role of hedonism and trial-and-error learning

73
Q

Who did Bain’s ideas closely anticipate?

A

B.F. Skinner

74
Q

What is cue-dependent and state-dependent learning?

A

The notion that recall is facilitated by making the conditions of recall similar to the conditions under which learning originally occurred

75
Q

Who was Pierre Gassendi?

A

A French philosopher and mathematician

76
Q

What approach did French sensationalism take to understanding the mind?

A

Explaining mental phenomena using principles similar to those employed in the study of the physical world

77
Q

What did French sensationalists reject?

A

The rationalism of Descartes

78
Q

The rationalism of Descartes

A

Mind-body dualism

79
Q

What perspective did Gassendi advocate for?

A

A materialistic perspective

80
Q

What was Julien de La Mettrie known for?

A

His work on materialism and his controversial ideas regarding the mind-body relationship.

81
Q

What did La Mettrie assert about man?

A

La Mettrie famously asserted that ‘man is a machine,’ advocating for a thoroughgoing materialism that denied the existence of an immaterial soul.

82
Q

What did La Mettrie believe about humans and non-human animals?

A

He believed that humans and non-human animals were fundamentally similar, differing only in degree, not in type.

83
Q

Who was Étienne Bonnot de Condillac?

A

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac was a French philosopher who extended Locke’s empiricism into French philosophy and emphasized the role of sensation, memory, and pleasure and pain in shaping human mental abilities.

84
Q

What did Condillac’s concept of the ‘sentient statue’ illustrate?

A

The concept of the ‘sentient statue’ illustrated how mental faculties could develop from simple sensory experiences.

85
Q

Who was Claude Helvétius?

A

Claude Helvétius was a French philosopher who published the controversial work ‘Essays on the Mind’ and followed the principles of British empiricism.

86
Q

What did Helvétius believe about the role of experience in shaping human behavior and intellect?

A

Helvétius believed that control of experiences through education could shape moral behavior and even genius.

87
Q

What did Auguste Comte propose in his ‘law of three stages’?

A

Comte proposed the ‘law of three stages,’ suggesting that societies and individuals evolve through a theological stage, a metaphysical stage, and finally a scientific or positivist stage.

88
Q

What did Auguste Comte develop as a replacement for traditional religion?

A

Comte developed a secular ‘religion of humanity’ that sought to replace traditional religion with a system based on scientific principles.

89
Q

What was the main focus of Comte’s work?

A

Comte’s work aimed to use scientific methods to improve society and emphasized the practical utility of knowledge.

90
Q

What is Ernst Mach known for?

A

Ernst Mach is known for his contributions to the philosophy of science and his advocacy of empiricism and positivism.

91
Q

What was Mach’s view of positivism?

A

Mach’s view of positivism was centered on the idea that scientific concepts should be defined in terms of the procedures used to measure them, rather than in terms of their metaphysical essence.

92
Q

What did Mach emphasize in the development of scientific knowledge?

A

Mach emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and sensory experiences in the development of scientific knowledge.

93
Q

What is logical positivism?

A

Logical positivism is a philosophical movement that was influenced by Mach’s ideas and emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and scientific observation in the formation of knowledge.

94
Q

What is the difference between Comte and Mach’s approach to positivism?

A

Comte focused on the application of positivism to social and moral issues, while Mach focused on the philosophy of science and the methods of scientific inquiry.

Psyc 375: History of Psychology (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions