Chapter 4 Key Terms

Question 1

What substance did Descartes believe was located in the cavities of the brain?

Animal spirits

Deism

Dualist

Geocentric theory

Answer 1

Animal spirits

Question 2

What is deduction?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The theory that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

The method of reasoning by which conclusions must follow from certain assumptions, principles, or concepts

Answer 2

The method of reasoning by which conclusions must follow from certain assumptions, principles, or concepts

Question 3

What is deism?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The theory that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 3

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

Question 4

What is a dualist?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

The theory that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

Answer 4

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Question 5

What is the geocentric theory?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The theory that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 5

The theory that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

Question 6

What is the heliocentric theory?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The theory that the planets, including the earth, rotate around the sun

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 6

The theory that the planets, including the earth, rotate around the sun

Question 7

What is humanism?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

A viewpoint emphasizing individualism, a personal relationship with God, interest in classical wisdom, and a negative attitude toward Aristotle’s philosophy

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 7

A viewpoint that existed during the Renaissance, emphasizing individualism, a personal relationship with God, interest in classical wisdom, and a negative attitude toward Aristotle’s philosophy

Question 8

What are the idols of the cave?

Personal biases that result from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

Error that results when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

The inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

Biases that result from humans’ natural tendency to view the world selectively

Answer 8

Personal biases that result from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

Question 9

What are the idols of the marketplace?

Personal biases that result from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

Error that results when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

The inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

Biases that result from humans’ natural tendency to view the world selectively

Answer 9

Error that results when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

Question 10

What are the idols of the theatre?

Personal biases that result from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

Error that results when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

The inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

Biases that result from humans’ natural tendency to view the world selectively

Answer 10

The inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

Question 11

What are the idols of the tribe?

Personal biases that result from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

Error that results when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

The inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

Biases that result from humans’ natural tendency to view the world selectively

Answer 11

Biases that result from humans’ natural tendency to view the world selectively

Question 12

What is induction?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The theory that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

The method of reasoning by which conclusions must follow from certain assumptions, principles, or concepts

Answer 12

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

Question 13

What are innate ideas?

Ideas, like perfection and the axioms of geometry, that Descartes believed could not be derived from one’s own experience

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The theory that the sun and planets rotate around the earth

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 13

Ideas, like perfection and the axioms of geometry, that Descartes believed could not be derived from one’s own experience

Question 14

What is interactionism?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The version of dualism that accepts the separate existence of a mind and a body and claims that they interact

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 14

The version of dualism that accepts the separate existence of a mind and a body and claims that they interact

Question 15

What is intuition?

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The introspective process by which clear and distinct ideas are discovered

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 15

The introspective process by which clear and distinct ideas are discovered

Question 16

What is a phenomenologist?

A person who studies the philosophy of phenomenology

The belief that God’s creation of the universe exhausted his involvement with it

The method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general

The belief that a person consists of two separate entities: a mind and a body

Answer 16

A person who studies the philosophy of phenomenology

Question 17

Who founded the study of structures of consciousness and experience from the first-person point of view?

Edmund Husserl

Peter Wegner

Peter Denning

Amnon H. Eden

Answer 17

Edmund Husserl

Question 18

What is the main goal of phenomenology?

To understand and describe the essence of human experiences and consciousness

To study the structures of computer science

To analyze physical objects and their attributes

To reform the Christian church

Answer 18

To understand and describe the essence of human experiences and consciousness

Question 19

What is the emphasis of phenomenology when examining phenomena?

To examine phenomena without presuppositions or preconceived theories

To focus on metaphysical speculation

To study the primary qualities of physical objects

To deny the authority of the pope and of Aristotle

Answer 19

To examine phenomena without presuppositions or preconceived theories

Question 20

What is the belief of positivism?

Only objects or events that can be experienced directly should be the object of scientific inquiry

Metaphysical speculation is necessary for scientific inquiry

Primary qualities are the only attributes of physical objects

The authority of the pope and of Aristotle should be denied

Answer 20

Only objects or events that can be experienced directly should be the object of scientific inquiry

Question 21

What are primary qualities?

Attributes of physical objects such as size, shape, number, position, and movement or rest

Attributes of physical objects that exist only in the mind of the perceiver

Attributes of physical objects that can be experienced directly

Attributes of physical objects that are studied in phenomenology

Answer 21

Attributes of physical objects such as size, shape, number, position, and movement or rest

Question 22

What is Protestantism?

A religious movement that denied the authority of the pope and of Aristotle

A conception of the solar system with the earth as its center

The attempt to reform the Christian church by making it more Augustinian in character

The period from about 1450 to about 1600 when there was a rebirth of open, objective inquiry

Answer 22

A religious movement that denied the authority of the pope and of Aristotle

Question 23

What is the Ptolemaic system?

A conception of the solar system with the earth as its center

A religious movement that denied the authority of the pope and of Aristotle

The attempt to reform the Christian church by making it more Augustinian in character

The period from about 1450 to about 1600 when there was a rebirth of open, objective inquiry

Answer 23

A conception of the solar system with the earth as its center

Question 24

What was the result of the Reformation?

The division of western European Christianity into Protestantism and Roman Catholicism

The rebirth of open, objective inquiry

The denial of the authority of the pope and of Aristotle

The attempt to reform the Christian church by making it more Augustinian in character

Answer 24

The division of western European Christianity into Protestantism and Roman Catholicism

Question 25

What was the Renaissance?

The period from about 1450 to about 1600 when there was a rebirth of open, objective inquiry

A religious movement that denied the authority of the pope and of Aristotle

The attempt to reform the Christian church by making it more Augustinian in character

A conception of the solar system with the earth as its center

Answer 25

The period from about 1450 to about 1600 when there was a rebirth of open, objective inquiry

Question 26

What are secondary qualities?

Those apparent attributes of physical objects that in fact exist only in the mind of the perceiver

Attributes of physical objects such as size, shape, number, position, and movement or rest

Attributes of physical objects that can be experienced directly

Attributes of physical objects that are studied in phenomenology

Answer 26

Those apparent attributes of physical objects that in fact exist only in the mind of the perceiver