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Psyc 375: History of Psychology > Chapter 4 Practice Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Practice Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What does the word Renaissance mean?

A

Rebirth

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2
Q

What period of time did the Renaissance encompass?

A

The Renaissance encompassed the period between 1450 to 1600.

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3
Q

What is meant by Renaissance humanism?

A

Renaissance humanism is the intense study of human beings and their potential.

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4
Q

What are the four themes of Renaissance humanism?

A

The four themes of Renaissance humanism are individualism, personal religion, intense interest in the past, and anti-Aristotelianism.

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5
Q

Who is considered the starting point of the Renaissance?

A

Francesco Petrarch

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6
Q

What were Petrarch’s main contributions to the Renaissance?

A

Petrarch challenged Scholasticism, advocated for personal religion, emphasized human potential, and paved the way for modern science.

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7
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of human potential and personal faith?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of human potential and personal faith.

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8
Q

What did Petrarch believe about a person’s life in this world?

A

Petrarch believed that a person’s life in this world is at least as important as life after death.

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9
Q

Who challenged the religious and philosophical dogma of the time?

A

Francesco Petrarch challenged the religious and philosophical dogma of the time.

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10
Q

Who helped pave the way for modern science?

A

Francesco Petrarch helped pave the way for modern science.

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11
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion?

A

Desiderius Erasmus is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion.

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12
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of individualism and optimism?

A

Giovanni Pico is known for their philosophy of individualism and optimism.

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13
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of anti-Aristotelianism?

A

Michel de Montaigne is known for their philosophy of anti-Aristotelianism.

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14
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal faith and personal feelings?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of personal faith and personal feelings.

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15
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of human potential and human capabilities?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of human potential and human capabilities.

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16
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of challenging religious and philosophical dogma?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of challenging religious and philosophical dogma.

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17
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal religion and less formal rituals?

A

Desiderius Erasmus is known for their philosophy of personal religion and less formal rituals.

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18
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of intense interest in the past?

A

Giovanni Pico is known for their philosophy of intense interest in the past.

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19
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion?

A

Desiderius Erasmus is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion.

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20
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of challenging church dogma?

A

Michel de Montaigne is known for their philosophy of challenging church dogma.

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21
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of stimulating Bacon and Descartes?

A

Michel de Montaigne is known for their philosophy of stimulating Bacon and Descartes.

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22
Q

According to Giovanni Pico, what distinguishes humans from angels and nonhumans?

A

Humans are capable of change and can choose to live sensual or rational lives.

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23
Q

What did Erasmus believe about human perfection?

A

Erasmus believed that humans could not be perfect.

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24
Q

What did Erasmus criticize in his book The Praise of Folly?

A

Erasmus criticized the church, papacy, philosophers, nobility, and superstitions of the time.

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25
What did Erasmus believe about fools?
Erasmus believed that fools lived a better life than so-called wise persons as they live in accordance with their true feelings instead of religious or philosophical doctrines.
26
What did the Catholic church do in response to Erasmus's criticism?
The Catholic church tried to bribe Erasmus with the position of cardinal and then banned his books.
27
What was one of the major themes of the Renaissance according to Henley?
An intense interest in the past, reflected in the frequent references to Greek and Roman history and myths.
28
What did Martin Luther believe about human intentions?
Human intentions were inspired by God or by Satan, leading to either committing God's work or sin.
29
According to Luther, can the consequences of sinning be escaped through penance or absolution?
No, Luther believed that the consequences of sinning cannot be escaped and one should suffer the consequences, which could be eternal damnation.
30
What did Luther believe about personal religion?
Luther believed in a personal religion in which each person answers to God and deemphasized ritual and church hierarchy.
31
What event marked the beginning of the Reformation?
Martin Luther nailing his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517.
32
What did Luther oppose about the Catholic church?
Luther opposed the Catholic church's sale of indulgences, which allowed sinners to reduce the retribution for their sins by paying a fee to church officials.
33
What were some of Luther's disagreements with the Catholic church?
Luther disagreed with the Catholic church on matters such as the compulsory celibacy of nuns and priests, the lavish lives of church leaders, and the fathering of illegitimate children.
34
What did Luther believe about free will?
Luther believed that free will gave humans the power to either apply or turn away from what leads to eternal salvation.
35
What did Luther believe about human actions?
Luther believed that all human actions were predestined, but also believed that without free will, humans cannot be held responsible for their actions.
36
What religious movement did Luther start?
Luther started the Protestantism religious movement.
37
What did Protestantism challenge?
Protestantism challenged the authority of the pope and Aristotle's dogma, replacing them with the belief that individual feelings can provide the only truth needed to live one's life.
38
What did Michel de Montaigne believe about religious conviction?
Montaigne believed that the only justifiable basis for a religious conviction was faith.
39
What did Montaigne argue about human rationality?
Montaigne argued that human rationality caused human problems and that humans were not superior to animals.
40
What did Montaigne reject as a means of obtaining reliable knowledge?
Montaigne rejected science as a means of obtaining reliable knowledge, as scientific truth is in constant flux.
41
Who created the Ptolemaic system?
Ptolemy
42
What were Ptolemy's beliefs about the heavenly bodies?
He believed they were spherical in shape and that the sun, moon, and planets travel around the earth in circular and uniform orbits.
43
Why did the Ptolemaic system stick around for thousands of years?
Because it appeared to be the fixed center of the universe, allowed for reasonable astronomical predictions, and was adopted into official church dogma.
44
Who disagreed with Ptolemy's system?
Aristarchus of Samos
45
What did Aristarchus of Samos believe?
He believed that the earth rotated on its own axis and that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun.
46
Who wrote De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium?
Nicolaus Copernicus
47
What did Copernicus argue in his book?
He argued that the earth revolved around the sun, challenging the geocentric worldview.
48
Who was Giordano Bruno?
Giordano Bruno was a former Dominican priest who accepted Copernicus's heliocentric theory and believed in the existence of multiple inhabited worlds.
49
What did the Ptolemaic system allow for?
It allowed for assumptions to be made concerning the paths of the planets around the earth and predictions of eclipses with considerable accuracy.
50
How did Copernicus's system improve upon the Ptolemaic system?
Copernicus's system reduced the number of assumptions needed to make predictions about the paths of the planets and eclipses.
51
What was Johannes Kepler's religious affiliation?
Protestant
52
What philosophical belief did Kepler hold?
Pythagorean-Platonic
53
What did Kepler believe was the true reality?
Mathematical harmony
54
What did Kepler observe about the paths of the suns?
They were elliptical
55
What concept did Kepler anticipate with his observation of the velocities of the planets?
Gravity
56
What was Kepler's most important contribution to science?
Insistence on verifying mathematical deductions with empirical observation
57
What did Kepler study directly in relation to vision?
Vision
58
What did Kepler find about environmental objects and vision?
They project an inverted image onto the retina
59
What was Galileo's approach to experimentation rooted in?
Pythagorean-Platonic beliefs
60
What did Galileo distinguish between in terms of reality?
Objective and subjective reality
61
What did Galileo argue could not be studied through scientific methods?
Consciousness
62
What did Galileo's work emphasize in the understanding of the universe?
Mathematical laws
63
What historical theme is represented in Galileo's life?
Tension between religious dogma and science
64
When was Isaac Newton born?
1642
65
What was the title of Newton's groundbreaking work?
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
66
What did Newton's work revolutionize?
Physics and astronomy
67
What concept did Newton promote in terms of religion?
Deism
68
What is the first principle of Newtonian science?
Deism
69
What is the second principle of Newtonian science?
Universality of Natural Laws
70
What is the third principle of Newtonian science?
Rejection of Teleological Explanation
71
What is the fourth principle of Newtonian science?
Occam's Razor
72
What is the fifth principle of Newtonian science?
Elements of Explanation
73
What is the sixth principle of Newtonian science?
Imperfect Understanding
74
What did Francis Bacon advocate for?
Empirical science
75
What was Bacon's perspective on observation of nature?
Direct and unbiased observation without preconceived notions or theoretical frameworks
76
What was Bacon's approach to science primarily based on?
Induction
77
What does positivism refer to in Bacon's context?
The belief that empirical observation should be the ultimate authority in scientific investigation
78
What were the various fields in which René Descartes made significant contributions?
Mathematics, science, philosophy, psychology
79
Why did Descartes become disillusioned with philosophy?
Due to the lack of consensus among philosophers
80
What did Descartes believe about the existence of innate ideas?
He believed in the existence of innate ideas, suggesting that certain concepts were naturally present in the mind.
81
What did Descartes propose about the reflexive nature of organisms' interactions with the environment?
He proposed a mechanistic view, comparing animal behavior to automata.
82
How did Descartes explain the mind-body interaction?
He presented the concept of interactionism, where the mind and body interacted through the pineal gland.
83
What were Descartes' contributions to psychology?
He laid the groundwork for mechanistic analyses of behavior and physiological psychology, emphasized the role of the brain in mediating behavior, and focused on introspection and the study of consciousness.
84
What is mind-body dualism?
Mind-body dualism is the idea that the mind, a nonphysical spiritual entity, is separate from the body, a physical system.
85
Why is Descartes often considered the father of modern philosophy?
Because of his fresh start approach in philosophy and his influential ideas, such as mind-body dualism.

Psyc 375: History of Psychology (57 decks)

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