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Psyc 375: History of Psychology > Chapter 4 Practice Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Practice Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the word Renaissance mean?

A

Rebirth

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2
Q

What period of time did the Renaissance encompass?

A

The Renaissance encompassed the period between 1450 to 1600.

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3
Q

What is meant by Renaissance humanism?

A

Renaissance humanism is the intense study of human beings and their potential.

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4
Q

What are the four themes of Renaissance humanism?

A

The four themes of Renaissance humanism are individualism, personal religion, intense interest in the past, and anti-Aristotelianism.

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5
Q

Who is considered the starting point of the Renaissance?

A

Francesco Petrarch

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6
Q

What were Petrarch’s main contributions to the Renaissance?

A

Petrarch challenged Scholasticism, advocated for personal religion, emphasized human potential, and paved the way for modern science.

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7
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of human potential and personal faith?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of human potential and personal faith.

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8
Q

What did Petrarch believe about a person’s life in this world?

A

Petrarch believed that a person’s life in this world is at least as important as life after death.

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9
Q

Who challenged the religious and philosophical dogma of the time?

A

Francesco Petrarch challenged the religious and philosophical dogma of the time.

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10
Q

Who helped pave the way for modern science?

A

Francesco Petrarch helped pave the way for modern science.

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11
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion?

A

Desiderius Erasmus is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion.

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12
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of individualism and optimism?

A

Giovanni Pico is known for their philosophy of individualism and optimism.

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13
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of anti-Aristotelianism?

A

Michel de Montaigne is known for their philosophy of anti-Aristotelianism.

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14
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal faith and personal feelings?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of personal faith and personal feelings.

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15
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of human potential and human capabilities?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of human potential and human capabilities.

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16
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of challenging religious and philosophical dogma?

A

Francesco Petrarch is known for their philosophy of challenging religious and philosophical dogma.

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17
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal religion and less formal rituals?

A

Desiderius Erasmus is known for their philosophy of personal religion and less formal rituals.

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18
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of intense interest in the past?

A

Giovanni Pico is known for their philosophy of intense interest in the past.

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19
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion?

A

Desiderius Erasmus is known for their philosophy of personal experience in religion.

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20
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of challenging church dogma?

A

Michel de Montaigne is known for their philosophy of challenging church dogma.

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21
Q

Who is known for their philosophy of stimulating Bacon and Descartes?

A

Michel de Montaigne is known for their philosophy of stimulating Bacon and Descartes.

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22
Q

According to Giovanni Pico, what distinguishes humans from angels and nonhumans?

A

Humans are capable of change and can choose to live sensual or rational lives.

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23
Q

What did Erasmus believe about human perfection?

A

Erasmus believed that humans could not be perfect.

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24
Q

What did Erasmus criticize in his book The Praise of Folly?

A

Erasmus criticized the church, papacy, philosophers, nobility, and superstitions of the time.

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25
Q

What did Erasmus believe about fools?

A

Erasmus believed that fools lived a better life than so-called wise persons as they live in accordance with their true feelings instead of religious or philosophical doctrines.

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26
Q

What did the Catholic church do in response to Erasmus’s criticism?

A

The Catholic church tried to bribe Erasmus with the position of cardinal and then banned his books.

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27
Q

What was one of the major themes of the Renaissance according to Henley?

A

An intense interest in the past, reflected in the frequent references to Greek and Roman history and myths.

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28
Q

What did Martin Luther believe about human intentions?

A

Human intentions were inspired by God or by Satan, leading to either committing God’s work or sin.

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29
Q

According to Luther, can the consequences of sinning be escaped through penance or absolution?

A

No, Luther believed that the consequences of sinning cannot be escaped and one should suffer the consequences, which could be eternal damnation.

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30
Q

What did Luther believe about personal religion?

A

Luther believed in a personal religion in which each person answers to God and deemphasized ritual and church hierarchy.

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31
Q

What event marked the beginning of the Reformation?

A

Martin Luther nailing his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517.

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32
Q

What did Luther oppose about the Catholic church?

A

Luther opposed the Catholic church’s sale of indulgences, which allowed sinners to reduce the retribution for their sins by paying a fee to church officials.

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33
Q

What were some of Luther’s disagreements with the Catholic church?

A

Luther disagreed with the Catholic church on matters such as the compulsory celibacy of nuns and priests, the lavish lives of church leaders, and the fathering of illegitimate children.

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34
Q

What did Luther believe about free will?

A

Luther believed that free will gave humans the power to either apply or turn away from what leads to eternal salvation.

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35
Q

What did Luther believe about human actions?

A

Luther believed that all human actions were predestined, but also believed that without free will, humans cannot be held responsible for their actions.

36
Q

What religious movement did Luther start?

A

Luther started the Protestantism religious movement.

37
Q

What did Protestantism challenge?

A

Protestantism challenged the authority of the pope and Aristotle’s dogma, replacing them with the belief that individual feelings can provide the only truth needed to live one’s life.

38
Q

What did Michel de Montaigne believe about religious conviction?

A

Montaigne believed that the only justifiable basis for a religious conviction was faith.

39
Q

What did Montaigne argue about human rationality?

A

Montaigne argued that human rationality caused human problems and that humans were not superior to animals.

40
Q

What did Montaigne reject as a means of obtaining reliable knowledge?

A

Montaigne rejected science as a means of obtaining reliable knowledge, as scientific truth is in constant flux.

41
Q

Who created the Ptolemaic system?

A

Ptolemy

42
Q

What were Ptolemy’s beliefs about the heavenly bodies?

A

He believed they were spherical in shape and that the sun, moon, and planets travel around the earth in circular and uniform orbits.

43
Q

Why did the Ptolemaic system stick around for thousands of years?

A

Because it appeared to be the fixed center of the universe, allowed for reasonable astronomical predictions, and was adopted into official church dogma.

44
Q

Who disagreed with Ptolemy’s system?

A

Aristarchus of Samos

45
Q

What did Aristarchus of Samos believe?

A

He believed that the earth rotated on its own axis and that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun.

46
Q

Who wrote De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

47
Q

What did Copernicus argue in his book?

A

He argued that the earth revolved around the sun, challenging the geocentric worldview.

48
Q

Who was Giordano Bruno?

A

Giordano Bruno was a former Dominican priest who accepted Copernicus’s heliocentric theory and believed in the existence of multiple inhabited worlds.

49
Q

What did the Ptolemaic system allow for?

A

It allowed for assumptions to be made concerning the paths of the planets around the earth and predictions of eclipses with considerable accuracy.

50
Q

How did Copernicus’s system improve upon the Ptolemaic system?

A

Copernicus’s system reduced the number of assumptions needed to make predictions about the paths of the planets and eclipses.

51
Q

What was Johannes Kepler’s religious affiliation?

A

Protestant

52
Q

What philosophical belief did Kepler hold?

A

Pythagorean-Platonic

53
Q

What did Kepler believe was the true reality?

A

Mathematical harmony

54
Q

What did Kepler observe about the paths of the suns?

A

They were elliptical

55
Q

What concept did Kepler anticipate with his observation of the velocities of the planets?

A

Gravity

56
Q

What was Kepler’s most important contribution to science?

A

Insistence on verifying mathematical deductions with empirical observation

57
Q

What did Kepler study directly in relation to vision?

A

Vision

58
Q

What did Kepler find about environmental objects and vision?

A

They project an inverted image onto the retina

59
Q

What was Galileo’s approach to experimentation rooted in?

A

Pythagorean-Platonic beliefs

60
Q

What did Galileo distinguish between in terms of reality?

A

Objective and subjective reality

61
Q

What did Galileo argue could not be studied through scientific methods?

A

Consciousness

62
Q

What did Galileo’s work emphasize in the understanding of the universe?

A

Mathematical laws

63
Q

What historical theme is represented in Galileo’s life?

A

Tension between religious dogma and science

64
Q

When was Isaac Newton born?

A

1642

65
Q

What was the title of Newton’s groundbreaking work?

A

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

66
Q

What did Newton’s work revolutionize?

A

Physics and astronomy

67
Q

What concept did Newton promote in terms of religion?

A

Deism

68
Q

What is the first principle of Newtonian science?

A

Deism

69
Q

What is the second principle of Newtonian science?

A

Universality of Natural Laws

70
Q

What is the third principle of Newtonian science?

A

Rejection of Teleological Explanation

71
Q

What is the fourth principle of Newtonian science?

A

Occam’s Razor

72
Q

What is the fifth principle of Newtonian science?

A

Elements of Explanation

73
Q

What is the sixth principle of Newtonian science?

A

Imperfect Understanding

74
Q

What did Francis Bacon advocate for?

A

Empirical science

75
Q

What was Bacon’s perspective on observation of nature?

A

Direct and unbiased observation without preconceived notions or theoretical frameworks

76
Q

What was Bacon’s approach to science primarily based on?

A

Induction

77
Q

What does positivism refer to in Bacon’s context?

A

The belief that empirical observation should be the ultimate authority in scientific investigation

78
Q

What were the various fields in which René Descartes made significant contributions?

A

Mathematics, science, philosophy, psychology

79
Q

Why did Descartes become disillusioned with philosophy?

A

Due to the lack of consensus among philosophers

80
Q

What did Descartes believe about the existence of innate ideas?

A

He believed in the existence of innate ideas, suggesting that certain concepts were naturally present in the mind.

81
Q

What did Descartes propose about the reflexive nature of organisms’ interactions with the environment?

A

He proposed a mechanistic view, comparing animal behavior to automata.

82
Q

How did Descartes explain the mind-body interaction?

A

He presented the concept of interactionism, where the mind and body interacted through the pineal gland.

83
Q

What were Descartes’ contributions to psychology?

A

He laid the groundwork for mechanistic analyses of behavior and physiological psychology, emphasized the role of the brain in mediating behavior, and focused on introspection and the study of consciousness.

84
Q

What is mind-body dualism?

A

Mind-body dualism is the idea that the mind, a nonphysical spiritual entity, is separate from the body, a physical system.

85
Q

Why is Descartes often considered the father of modern philosophy?

A

Because of his fresh start approach in philosophy and his influential ideas, such as mind-body dualism.

Psyc 375: History of Psychology (57 decks)

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