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Psyc 375: History of Psychology > Chapter 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rationalist idea?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws

The direct observation of nature

A

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

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2
Q

What is an anomaly?

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior

Specifies how events are causally related

Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes

A

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

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3
Q

What is biological determinism?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior

Specifies how events are causally related

A

Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior

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4
Q

What is a causal law?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

Specifies how events are causally related

Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes

A

Specifies how events are causally related

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5
Q

What are confirmable propositions?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes

The notion that the goal, when evaluating scientific laws or theories, is to determine whether or not they correspond to an external, mind-independent world

A

Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes

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6
Q

What is the correspondence theory of truth?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The notion that the goal, when evaluating scientific laws or theories, is to determine whether or not they correspond to an external, mind-independent world

How classes of events vary together in some systematic way

A

The notion that the goal, when evaluating scientific laws or theories, is to determine whether or not they correspond to an external, mind-independent world

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7
Q

What is a correlational law?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

How classes of events vary together in some systematic way

The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws

A

How classes of events vary together in some systematic way

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8
Q

What is determinism?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

A

The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws

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9
Q

What is double aspectism?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

A person cannot be divided into a mind and a body but is a unity that simultaneously experiences events physiologically and mentally

A

A person cannot be divided into a mind and a body but is a unity that simultaneously experiences events physiologically and mentally

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10
Q

What is dualism?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

Contrast to rationalism, the source of knowledge is always based on sensory observation

A

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

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11
Q

What is an eclectic approach?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

Using whatever method seems best able to illuminate an aspect of the history of psychology

A

Using whatever method seems best able to illuminate an aspect of the history of psychology

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12
Q

What is emergentism?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

Mental states emerge from physical brain states

A

Mental states emerge from physical brain states

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13
Q

What is empirical observation?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

The direct observation of nature

A

The direct observation of nature

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14
Q

What is empiricism?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

Contrast to rationalism, the source of knowledge is always based on sensory observation

A

Contrast to rationalism, the source of knowledge is always based on sensory observation

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15
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it

A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

The belief that there are physical events and mental events

Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior

A

Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior

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16
Q

What is epiphenomenalism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that environmental stimuli determine behavior

The belief that mental events are by-products of brain processes with no influence on behavior

The belief that knowledge is attained through questioning

A

The belief that mental events are by-products of brain processes with no influence on behavior

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17
Q

What is epistemology?

The study of knowledge

The study of behavior

The study of consciousness

The study of perception

A

The study of knowledge

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18
Q

What is the great-person approach?

Emphasizing the works of individuals such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, or Freud

Showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years

The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present

The study of the proper way to write history

A

Emphasizing the works of individuals such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, or Freud

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19
Q

What is the historical development approach?

Emphasizing the works of individuals such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, or Freud

Showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years

The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present

The study of the proper way to write history

A

Showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years

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20
Q

What is historicism?

The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas

The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present

The study of the proper way to write history

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

A

The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present

21
Q

What is historiography?

The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas

The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present

The study of the proper way to write history

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

A

The study of the proper way to write history

22
Q

What is idealism?

The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that the mind and body interact

A

The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas

23
Q

What is indeterminism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that the mind and body interact

The belief that matter is the only reality

A

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

24
Q

What is interactionism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that the mind and body interact

The belief that matter is the only reality

A

The belief that the mind and body interact

25
Q

What is irrationalism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that the mind and body interact

The belief that the true causes of behavior are unconscious and cannot be experienced rationally

A

The belief that the true causes of behavior are unconscious and cannot be experienced rationally

26
Q

What is materialism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that the mind and body interact

A

The belief that matter is the only reality

27
Q

What is mechanism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that the behavior of all organisms can be explained in the same way as the behavior of a machine

A

The belief that the behavior of all organisms can be explained in the same way as the behavior of a machine

28
Q

What is monism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that the mind and body interact

A

The belief that matter is the only reality

29
Q

What is naive realism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically

A

The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically

30
Q

What is nativism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that emphasizes the role of inheritance in explaining human attributes

A

The belief that emphasizes the role of inheritance in explaining human attributes

31
Q

What is nondeterminism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that individuals are solely responsible for their own actions

A

The belief that individuals are solely responsible for their own actions

32
Q

What is normal science?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm

A

The research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm

33
Q

What is occasionalism?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God

A

The belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God

34
Q

What is a paradigm?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given scientific community

A

The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given scientific community

35
Q

What is the paradigmatic stage?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The stage in the development of a paradigm during which the puzzle-solving activity called normal science occurs

A

The stage in the development of a paradigm during which the puzzle-solving activity called normal science occurs

36
Q

What is a passive mind?

The belief that mental events can cause behavior

The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

The belief that matter is the only reality

The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically

A

The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically

37
Q

What is physical determinism?

The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations

The belief that forms of things such as genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs are all accessible and quantifiable

The belief that mental events of which we are conscious are important

The belief that mental events of which we are not conscious are important

A

The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations

38
Q

What is the principle of falsifiability?

The belief that two types of events are different and separate but are coordinated by some external agent

The belief that all scientific claims must be verifiable by any interested person

Karl Popper’s idea that helps distinguish scientific theory from a non-scientific theory

The belief that environmental experience causes both mental events and bodily responses simultaneously but that the two are totally independent of each other

A

Karl Popper’s idea that helps distinguish scientific theory from a non-scientific theory

39
Q

What is relativism?

The belief that abstractions have an existence independent of their names

The belief that because all experience must be filtered through individual and group perspectives, the search for universal truths must be in vain

The belief that an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one

The belief that predictions derived from a scientific theory run a real chance of showing the theory to be false

A

The belief that because all experience must be filtered through individual and group perspectives, the search for universal truths must be in vain

40
Q

What is reification?

The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations

The belief that abstractions have an existence independent of their names

The belief that mental events of which we are conscious are important

The belief that mental events of which we are not conscious are important

A

The belief that abstractions have an existence independent of their names

41
Q

What is the revolutionary stage according to Kuhn?

The stage before the development of a paradigm, in which a number of competing viewpoints exist

The stage of scientific development during which an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one

The stage in which problems worked on are specified by a paradigm and have guaranteed solutions

The stage during which an existing paradigm generates normal science

A

The stage of scientific development during which an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one

42
Q

What is science?

The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations

The belief that forms of things such as genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs are all accessible and quantifiable

The belief that mental events of which we are conscious are important

The belief that mental events of which we are not conscious are important

A

The belief that forms of things such as genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs are all accessible and quantifiable

43
Q

What is a scientific law?

A proposed explanation of empirical observations

A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events

The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes

The spirit of the times

A

A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events

44
Q

What is a scientific theory according to Popper?

A proposed explanation of empirical observations

A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events

The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes

A proposed solution to a problem

A

A proposed solution to a problem

45
Q

What is sociocultural determinism?

The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world

The type of environmental determinism that stresses cultural or societal rules as the causes of behavior

The belief that life requires a vital force

The spirit of the times

A

The type of environmental determinism that stresses cultural or societal rules, customs, regulations, or expectations as the causes of behavior

46
Q

What is universalism?

A proposed explanation of empirical observations

A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events

The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world

The belief that life requires a vital force

A

The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world in general that can be discovered by anyone using the proper methods of inquiry

47
Q

What is vitalism?

A proposed explanation of empirical observations

A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events

The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world

The belief that life requires a vital force

A

The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes. For the vitalist, life requires a force that is more than the material objects or inanimate processes in which it manifests itself. For there to be life, there must be a vital force present

48
Q

What is zeitgeist?

A proposed explanation of empirical observations

A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events

The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world

The spirit of the times

A

The spirit of the times

Psyc 375: History of Psychology (57 decks)

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