Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards
What is the rationalist idea?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws
The direct observation of nature
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
What is an anomaly?
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior
Specifies how events are causally related
Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
What is biological determinism?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior
Specifies how events are causally related
Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior
What is a causal law?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
Specifies how events are causally related
Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes
Specifies how events are causally related
What are confirmable propositions?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes
The notion that the goal, when evaluating scientific laws or theories, is to determine whether or not they correspond to an external, mind-independent world
Part of the scientific theory, an assertion or theory that is able to be verified or disproved by trial and error processes
What is the correspondence theory of truth?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The notion that the goal, when evaluating scientific laws or theories, is to determine whether or not they correspond to an external, mind-independent world
How classes of events vary together in some systematic way
The notion that the goal, when evaluating scientific laws or theories, is to determine whether or not they correspond to an external, mind-independent world
What is a correlational law?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
How classes of events vary together in some systematic way
The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws
How classes of events vary together in some systematic way
What is determinism?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws
What is double aspectism?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
A person cannot be divided into a mind and a body but is a unity that simultaneously experiences events physiologically and mentally
A person cannot be divided into a mind and a body but is a unity that simultaneously experiences events physiologically and mentally
What is dualism?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
Contrast to rationalism, the source of knowledge is always based on sensory observation
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
What is an eclectic approach?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
Using whatever method seems best able to illuminate an aspect of the history of psychology
Using whatever method seems best able to illuminate an aspect of the history of psychology
What is emergentism?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
Mental states emerge from physical brain states
Mental states emerge from physical brain states
What is empirical observation?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
The direct observation of nature
The direct observation of nature
What is empiricism?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
Contrast to rationalism, the source of knowledge is always based on sensory observation
Contrast to rationalism, the source of knowledge is always based on sensory observation
What is environmental determinism?
A mechanism that interacts with data from experience transforming it
A persistent observation that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain
The belief that there are physical events and mental events
Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior
Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior
What is epiphenomenalism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that environmental stimuli determine behavior
The belief that mental events are by-products of brain processes with no influence on behavior
The belief that knowledge is attained through questioning
The belief that mental events are by-products of brain processes with no influence on behavior
What is epistemology?
The study of knowledge
The study of behavior
The study of consciousness
The study of perception
The study of knowledge
What is the great-person approach?
Emphasizing the works of individuals such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, or Freud
Showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years
The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present
The study of the proper way to write history
Emphasizing the works of individuals such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, or Freud
What is the historical development approach?
Emphasizing the works of individuals such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, or Freud
Showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years
The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present
The study of the proper way to write history
Showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea or concept through the years
What is historicism?
The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas
The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present
The study of the proper way to write history
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present
What is historiography?
The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas
The study of the past for its own sake without attempting to relate the past and present
The study of the proper way to write history
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The study of the proper way to write history
What is idealism?
The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that the mind and body interact
The belief that even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas
What is indeterminism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that the mind and body interact
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
What is interactionism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that the mind and body interact
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that the mind and body interact
What is irrationalism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that the mind and body interact
The belief that the true causes of behavior are unconscious and cannot be experienced rationally
The belief that the true causes of behavior are unconscious and cannot be experienced rationally
What is materialism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that the mind and body interact
The belief that matter is the only reality
What is mechanism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that the behavior of all organisms can be explained in the same way as the behavior of a machine
The belief that the behavior of all organisms can be explained in the same way as the behavior of a machine
What is monism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that the mind and body interact
The belief that matter is the only reality
What is naive realism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically
The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically
What is nativism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that emphasizes the role of inheritance in explaining human attributes
The belief that emphasizes the role of inheritance in explaining human attributes
What is nondeterminism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that individuals are solely responsible for their own actions
The belief that individuals are solely responsible for their own actions
What is normal science?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm
The research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm
What is occasionalism?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God
The belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God
What is a paradigm?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given scientific community
The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given scientific community
What is the paradigmatic stage?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The stage in the development of a paradigm during which the puzzle-solving activity called normal science occurs
The stage in the development of a paradigm during which the puzzle-solving activity called normal science occurs
What is a passive mind?
The belief that mental events can cause behavior
The belief that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known
The belief that matter is the only reality
The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically
The belief that what we experience mentally is the same as what is present physically
What is physical determinism?
The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations
The belief that forms of things such as genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs are all accessible and quantifiable
The belief that mental events of which we are conscious are important
The belief that mental events of which we are not conscious are important
The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations
What is the principle of falsifiability?
The belief that two types of events are different and separate but are coordinated by some external agent
The belief that all scientific claims must be verifiable by any interested person
Karl Popper’s idea that helps distinguish scientific theory from a non-scientific theory
The belief that environmental experience causes both mental events and bodily responses simultaneously but that the two are totally independent of each other
Karl Popper’s idea that helps distinguish scientific theory from a non-scientific theory
What is relativism?
The belief that abstractions have an existence independent of their names
The belief that because all experience must be filtered through individual and group perspectives, the search for universal truths must be in vain
The belief that an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one
The belief that predictions derived from a scientific theory run a real chance of showing the theory to be false
The belief that because all experience must be filtered through individual and group perspectives, the search for universal truths must be in vain
What is reification?
The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations
The belief that abstractions have an existence independent of their names
The belief that mental events of which we are conscious are important
The belief that mental events of which we are not conscious are important
The belief that abstractions have an existence independent of their names
What is the revolutionary stage according to Kuhn?
The stage before the development of a paradigm, in which a number of competing viewpoints exist
The stage of scientific development during which an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one
The stage in which problems worked on are specified by a paradigm and have guaranteed solutions
The stage during which an existing paradigm generates normal science
The stage of scientific development during which an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one
What is science?
The belief that physical experiences are recorded as mental images, recollections, and associations
The belief that forms of things such as genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs are all accessible and quantifiable
The belief that mental events of which we are conscious are important
The belief that mental events of which we are not conscious are important
The belief that forms of things such as genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs are all accessible and quantifiable
What is a scientific law?
A proposed explanation of empirical observations
A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events
The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes
The spirit of the times
A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events
What is a scientific theory according to Popper?
A proposed explanation of empirical observations
A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events
The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes
A proposed solution to a problem
A proposed solution to a problem
What is sociocultural determinism?
The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world
The type of environmental determinism that stresses cultural or societal rules as the causes of behavior
The belief that life requires a vital force
The spirit of the times
The type of environmental determinism that stresses cultural or societal rules, customs, regulations, or expectations as the causes of behavior
What is universalism?
A proposed explanation of empirical observations
A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events
The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world
The belief that life requires a vital force
The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world in general that can be discovered by anyone using the proper methods of inquiry
What is vitalism?
A proposed explanation of empirical observations
A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events
The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world
The belief that life requires a vital force
The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes. For the vitalist, life requires a force that is more than the material objects or inanimate processes in which it manifests itself. For there to be life, there must be a vital force present
What is zeitgeist?
A proposed explanation of empirical observations
A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events
The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world
The spirit of the times
The spirit of the times
