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Psyc 375: History of Psychology > Chapter 1 and 2 Practice Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 Practice Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between presentism and historicism?

A

Presentism focuses on relating the past to the present, while historicism focuses on studying the past without attempting to relate it to the present.

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2
Q

What approach is used in determining what to include in the history of psychology?

A

The ‘great-person’ approach, which focuses on individuals who synthesized existing ideas into a clear viewpoint.

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3
Q

What is a Zeitgeist?

A

A Zeitgeist refers to the ‘spirit of the time’ and suggests that certain discoveries or ideas arise due to the favorable conditions of the era.

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4
Q

What is the difference between the great-person approach and the historical development approach?

A

The great-person approach emphasizes the works of individuals, while the historical development approach looks at the changes to an idea or concept over time.

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5
Q

What approach did Henley elect to use in studying the history of psychology?

A

Henley elected to use an eclectic approach, which recognizes the influence of both great individuals and the spirit of the times.

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6
Q

What are the three reasons cited for studying the history of psychology?

A

(a) Deeper understanding, (b) Recognition of fads and fashions, (c) Source of valuable ideas.

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7
Q

Why did Galileo and Kant claim that psychology could never be a science?

A

Galileo and Kant claimed that psychology could never be a science because it deals with subjective experiences and cannot be measured or observed objectively.

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8
Q

What are the two major components of science?

A

The two major components of science are observation and experimentation.

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9
Q

What is empirical observation?

A

Empirical observation is the direct observation of nature

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10
Q

What are the two main functions of scientific theory?

A

The two main functions of scientific theory are to organize empirical observations and to act as a guide for future observations.

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11
Q

What is rationalism?

A

Rationalism is the idea that propositions can often best be determined by carefully applying the rules of logic.

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12
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Empiricism is the idea that the best source of knowledge comes from sensory observation.

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13
Q

What is public observation and why is it important?

A

Public observation refers to observations that can be made by anyone and are not limited to a specific individual. It is important because it allows for the verification and replication of observations by multiple individuals, increasing the reliability of the findings.

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14
Q

What are the two types of scientific laws?

A

The two types of scientific laws are descriptive laws and explanatory laws.

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15
Q

Give an original example of a descriptive law.

A

Example: The law of gravity states that objects with mass attract each other.

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16
Q

Give an original example of an explanatory law.

A

Example: The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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17
Q

What are the difficulties in identifying causes?

A

The presence of confounding variables, the complexity of causal relationships, and the potential for multiple causes contributing to an outcome.

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18
Q

According to Henley, how is determinism treated in scientific work?

A

Determinism is treated as an assumption necessary for scientific work.

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19
Q

How do scientists come to conclude determinism?

A

Scientists conclude determinism by generalizing from past experiences to the current situation and future situations they may encounter.

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20
Q

What is the principle of falsifiability?

A

The principle of falsifiability states that for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be possible to conceive of an observation or an argument that could potentially refute it.

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21
Q

What is postdiction?

A

Postdiction refers to the ability to explain or predict events that have already occurred.

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22
Q

According to Karl Popper, how does scientific activity start?

A

Scientific activity starts with a problem, which determines what observations scientists will make.

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23
Q

What are the three stages of the scientific method according to Popper?

A

The three stages of the scientific method according to Popper are problems, theories (proposed solutions), and criticism.

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24
Q

What did Kuhn call a shared common set of assumptions and beliefs in physics and chemistry?

A

Paradigm

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25
Q

What is normal science according to Kuhn?

A

The ‘mopping up’ of a paradigm

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26
Q

What is puzzle solving in normal science?

A

Working on problems specified by a paradigm with guaranteed solutions

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27
Q

How many stages does Kuhn believe paradigms go through to become dominant?

A

Three

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28
Q

What is the first stage before a paradigm according to Kuhn?

A

Preparadigmatic stage

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29
Q

What is the stage called when a paradigm becomes dominant?

A

Paradigmatic stage

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30
Q

What is the stage called when a paradigm is displaced by a new one?

A

Revolutionary stage

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31
Q

According to Henley, what stage is psychology currently in?

A

Multiparadigmatic stage

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32
Q

What is Feyerabend’s view on following rules in science?

A

Scientists should be anarchists and break existing rules

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33
Q

What does Feyerabend believe will lead to leaps forward in science?

A

Breaking rules

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34
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

Emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions or genetic predispositions in the explanation of behavior

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35
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

Stresses the importance of environmental stimuli as determinants of behavior

36
Q

What is sociocultural determinism?

A

Emphasizes cultural or societal rules, regulations, customs, and beliefs influence on behavior

37
Q

What is physical determinism?

A

Explains behavior by relying on accessible and quantifiable explanations such as genes, environmental stimuli, and cultural customs

38
Q

What is psychical determinism?

A

Uses cognitive and emotional experience in the explanation of human behavior

39
Q

How does Freud define overdetermined?

A

Behavior not being caused by a single event or even a few events, but rather a multitude of interacting events

40
Q

According to Werner Karl Heisenberg, what did he observe that influenced the activity of electrons?

A

Merely observing an electron influenced its activity.

41
Q

What is the term used to describe the idea that the experimental setting itself may act as a confounding variable in the search for the causes of human behavior?

A

Confounding variable

42
Q

What is the term used to describe the belief that behavior is freely chosen and independent of physical or psychical causes?

A

Free will

43
Q

What is the term used to describe the belief that the causes of human behavior function in an automatic manner and render the notion of personal responsibility meaningless?

A

Hard determinism

44
Q

What is the term used to describe the belief that human behavior comes from thoughtful deliberation of the options available in a given situation?

A

Soft determinism

45
Q

According to Henley, how should psychology be judged?

A

Psychology should not be judged harshly.

46
Q

What is the theory of forms?

A

The theory of forms is the idea that everything in the natural world comes from a manifestation of a pure form.

47
Q

What are pure forms?

A

Pure forms are abstracts that are superior to the manifestations we experience in the real world.

48
Q

What causes the inferior manifestations of pure forms?

A

The interaction between pure forms and matter, as matter is constantly changing.

49
Q

Give an example of an inferior manifestation of a pure form.

A

An example is seeing thousands of cars, which are all inferior copies of the abstract form of ‘carness’.

50
Q

According to Plato, how can we gain true knowledge?

A

According to Plato, true knowledge can only be gained by grasping the forms themselves through rational thought.

51
Q

What is the lowest form of understanding according to Plato’s analogy of the divided line?

A

Images and imagining are the lowest form of understanding because they are based on images.

52
Q

What is the next level of understanding above images and imagining?

A

Beliefs and visible things are the next level of understanding, as they involve looking past the surface and thinking about how we view objects.

53
Q

What is the highest form of thinking according to Plato?

A

The highest form of thinking is embracing the forms themselves and true intelligence or knowledge results from understanding the abstract form.

54
Q

What is Plato’s allegory of the cave about?

A

The difficulty of philosophers in convincing people of a new reality due to their ignorance.

55
Q

What example does Plato use to illustrate the difficulty of spreading new ideas?

A

The killing of Socrates for trying to spread his idea of the world.

56
Q

What did Plato believe about the soul of a person?

A

It is made from pure and complete knowledge.

57
Q

According to Plato, how can true knowledge be obtained?

A

Through introspection and focusing on the contents of the mind.

58
Q

What is sensory experience according to Plato?

A

A reminder of what was already known.

59
Q

According to Plato, what are the three parts of the soul?

A

The rational component, the courageous component, and the appetitive component.

60
Q

What does the rational component of the soul allow humans to do?

A

Suppress their needs of the body in order to attain true knowledge and achieve introspection.

61
Q

According to Plato, who would be slaves and workers in his perfect society?

A

Those who let the appetitive component dominate.

62
Q

What component of the soul deals with bodily desires?

A

The appetitive component.

63
Q

What component of the soul deals with emotions?

A

The courageous component.

64
Q

According to Plato, what would be the role of philosopher-kings in his perfect society?

A

The rational component.

65
Q

According to Plato, what is revealed in a person’s sleep?

A

Their true desires.

66
Q

What did Plato believe about the rational soul?

A

He believed it was immortal and contained pure knowledge.

67
Q

What is Plato viewed as the patriarch of?

A

Rationalism.

68
Q

What did Aristotle believe about the mind and knowledge?

A

The mind must be employed before knowledge can be attained, and the object of rational thought is the information furnished by the senses.

69
Q

What did Aristotle believe about essence?

A

He believed essence existed and could best become known by studying nature.

70
Q

What did Aristotle believe about the body in the pursuit of knowledge?

A

He believed the body wasn’t a hindrance in the pursuit of knowledge.

71
Q

What did Aristotle believe was of more importance than logical analysis?

A

A careful examination of nature by observation and classification.

72
Q

What did Aristotle believe about perception?

A

Aristotle believed that perception was explained by the motion of objects that stimulate one of the senses

73
Q

What did Aristotle believe was the mechanism that coordinated information from the senses?

A

Aristotle believed that common sense was the mechanism that coordinated information from the senses.

74
Q

What did Aristotle consider the highest form of thinking?

A

Aristotle considered active reason as the highest form of thinking.

75
Q

What did Aristotle believe was the source of pleasure for humans?

A

Aristotle believed that engaging in active reasoning gave humans their greatest source of pleasure.

76
Q

What is recall according to Aristotle?

A

Recall is an actual mental search for a past experience according to Aristotle.

77
Q

What are the laws of association according to Aristotle?

A

The laws of association according to Aristotle are the law of contiguity, the law of similarity, the law of contrast, and the law of frequency.

78
Q

What is associationism?

A

Associationism is the belief that one or more laws of association can be used to explain the origins of ideas, the phenomena of memory, or how complex ideas are formed from simple ones.

79
Q

According to Aristotle, what constitutes memory?

A

The retention of images created by sensations.

80
Q

What is imagination according to Aristotle?

A

The lingering effects of sensory experience.

81
Q

Why is imagination susceptible to error?

A

Because it lacks the close relationship between objects of sense and the sense organs.

82
Q

What are dreams according to Aristotle?

A

The images of past experience.

83
Q

Why may the residual impressions in dreams seem odd?

A

Because the images aren’t organized by reason while we sleep.

84
Q

What is the purpose of humans according to Aristotle?

A

To think rationally.

85
Q

What motivates much of human behavior according to Aristotle?

A

Appetites

86
Q

What is the best life according to Aristotle?

A

One lived in moderation, according to the golden mean.

87
Q

What distinguishes humans from animals according to Aristotle?

A

The rational control of one’s appetite

Psyc 375: History of Psychology (57 decks)

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