Chapter 16: Psychoanalysis Flashcards
Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
Austrian, member of Freud’s inner circle left the Freudian camp and created his own theory of personality, which emphasized the conscious mind and the individual creation of a worldview, guiding fictions, and a lifestyle in order to overcome feelings of inferiority and to seek perfection
Inferiority and Compensation: Adler introduced the concepts of inferiority and compensation, emphasizing the impact of perceived weaknesses on human behavior.
Social Interest: He highlighted the importance of social factors in shaping personality and introduced the concept of social interest, emphasizing concern for the welfare of society.
Creative Self: Adler proposed the idea of the creative self, asserting that individuals actively shape their personalities through choices and interpretations.
Joseph Breuer (1842–1925)
Austrian, The person Freud credited with the founding of psychoanalysis. Breuer discovered that when the memory of a traumatic event is recalled under deep relaxation or hypnosis, there is a release of emotional energy (catharsis) and the symptoms caused by the repressed memory are relieved
Cathartic Therapy: Breuer, along with Freud, developed cathartic therapy, exploring the release of repressed emotions to treat psychological symptoms.
Studies on Hysteria: Co-authored with Freud, this work documented their early collaboration in treating patients through cathartic methods.
Anna Freud (1895–1982)
Austrian, Became the official spokesperson for psychoanalysis after her father’s death.
Child Psychoanalysis: Anna Freud made significant contributions to the understanding and treatment of childhood disorders through psychoanalysis.
Ego Psychology: She expanded on her father’s work, particularly in the development of ego psychology, emphasizing the importance of the ego in understanding behavior.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Austrian, The founder of psychoanalysis, a school of psychology that stresses the conflict between the animalistic impulses possessed by humans and the human desire to live in a civilized society.
Interpretation of Dreams: Freud’s seminal work, where he introduced key concepts like the unconscious mind, repression, and dream analysis.
Oedipus Complex: Freud proposed the Oedipus complex as a central element in human psychosexual development.
Structural Model: Introduced the structural model of the mind with the id, ego, and superego.
Karen Horney
German, one of the first feminist psychologists. Trained in the Freudian tradition, she later broke away from the Freudians and created her own theory of mental disorders that emphasized cultural rather than biological (such as sexual) cause.
Basic Anxiety and Hostility: Introduced the concepts of basic anxiety and hostility, emphasizing disturbed parent-child relationships.
Feminine Psychology: Rejected Freud’s notions of penis envy, highlighting cultural influences on women’s psychology.
Carl Jung
Swiss, An early follower of Freud who eventually broke with him because of Freud’s emphasis on sexual motivation. he developed his own theory, which emphasized the collective unconscious and self-actualization
Analytical Psychology: Jung’s school of psychology, emphasizing the collective unconscious, archetypes, and individuation.
Archetypes: Introduced the concept of archetypes as universal symbols and themes in the collective unconscious.
Personality Types: Developed the idea of personality types, including introversion and extraversion.
Melanie Klein (1882–1960)
Austrian, An early child analyst whose theory emphasized the importance of the mother–child relationship and the development of the superego during the oral stage of development. By using play therapy, he believed that child analysis could begin as early as two years of age. His ideas concerning the psychology of children were often in conflict with those of Anna Freud
Object Relations Theory: Klein’s major contribution, emphasizing early relationships and their impact on mental health.
Play Therapy: Introduced play therapy as a method for understanding children’s unconscious thoughts and emotions.
Altruistic surrender (Anna Freud)
An ego defense mechanism, postulated by Anna Freud, whereby a person avoids personal anxiety by vicariously living the life of another person
Anatomy is destiny (Freud)
A phrase that encapsulates Freud’s belief that biological and anatomical differences between men and women contribute significantly to the development of distinct gender roles and characteristics
Anxiety
The feeling of impending danger. Freud distinguished three types of anxiety: objective anxiety, which is caused by a physical danger; neurotic anxiety, which is caused by the feeling that one is going to be overwhelmed by his or her id; and moral anxiety, which is caused by violating one or more values internalized in the superego
Archetype (Jung)
According to Jung, a universally present symbol or theme in the collective unconscious used to explain recurring symbols and patterns across cultures, such as the hero, mother, and shadow archetypes
Anal Stage (Stage) (Psychosexual development)
It occurs during ages 1 to 3, focusing on the child’s experience with toilet training and the pleasure associated with bowel movements
Anticathexis
A Freudian concept related to the psychic process of counteracting or opposing cathexis, which involves investing mental or emotional energy into an idea or object. Operates as a defense mechanism against potentially anxiety-provoking thoughts or desires
Basic anxiety (Horney)
According to Horney, the feeling of being alone and helpless in a hostile world that a child experiences when he or she represses basic hostility
Basic evil (Horney)
According to Horney, negative early experiences, such as neglect or abuse, that lead to the development of basic hostility. These experiences contribute to a child’s perception of the world as dangerous and unpredictable
Basic Hostility
According to Horney, the feeling of anger that a child experiences when he or she experiences the basic evil
Cathartic method
Used by Breuer and Freud, the release of repressed emotions and memories through the expression of associated thoughts and feelings. This method was an early precursor to psychoanalysis
Cathexis
In Freudian terms, involves the investment of emotional or mental energy into an idea, object, or person. It is a central concept in understanding the dynamics of desire and attachment
Collective unconscious (Jung)
Jung’s term for the part of the unconscious mind that reflects universal human experience through the ages. For Jung the most powerful component of the personality
Compensation (Adler)
According to Adler, the making up for a weakness by developing strengths in other areas
Countertransference
The process by which a therapist becomes emotionally involved with a patient
Creative self (Adler)
According to Adler, the component of the personality that provides humans with the freedom to choose their own destinies
Death instinct (Freud)
The innate drive toward self-destruction and an ultimate return to an inorganic state. (sometimes called death wish)
Developmental lines (Anna Freud)
A concept introduced by Anna Freud describing the major adjustments that typify the transition between childhood and adolescence and young adulthood
Displacement (Freud)
An ego defense mechanism, the redirection of emotions or impulses from their original target to a substitute target, often one less threatening
