Chapter 4: Neurotransmitters and Drug Action

Question 0

Systems involving ACh?

Answer 0

Pons ( REM sleep and muscles and memory)
nucleus basalis (perceptual memory)
Septum ( memory formation)

Question 1

Acetylcholine a primary NT is found where?

Answer 1

CNS and at neuromuscular junctions- where nerves meet muscles.

Question 2

AChE does what to ACh?

Answer 2

breaks down ACh!

Question 3

Two types of ACh receptors are??Agonists **

Answer 3

A) Nicotine (fast)= ionotropic….attached to the ion channel.
B) Muscarinic (slow)= metabotropic…not directly attached. ACh activates 2nd msg system via G sub unit breaking off of the 7 fold protein. (ANS **)

Question 4

Two ACh blockers are?? Antagonists *

Answer 4

A) Atropine - blocks Muscarinic

B) Curare - blocks nicotinic

Question 5

Dopamine ( monoamine) is implicated in?

a,b,c,d,e?

Answer 5

A) movement
B) attention
C) learning
D) reinforcement - increase freq of anything proceeding it
E) Motivation - drives the organism to do something. (do it again system)

Question 6

Dopaminergic Systems are??
A)
B)
C)

Answer 6

A) Nigrostriatal : substantia nigra to striatum aka basal ganglia
B) Mesolimbic: ventral tegmentum to nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus.
C) Mesocortical : ventral tegmentum to prefrontal cortex

Question 7

Reserpine? hint: antagonist!

Answer 7

blocks transporter that carries Dopamine across vesicular membrane

Question 8

D2 and D4 receptor blockers are?

Answer 8

anti-schizophrenics

Question 9

Norepinephrine (monoamines) function?

Answer 9

prepares brain for defensive behaviour…4F’s!

Question 10

Norepinephrine (NE) pathway?
Effect?
Released at?

Answer 10

Primary ascending pathway: from locus coeruleus (pons) to many regions.
Vigilance (attentiveness to environment )
released at axonal varicosities! ( bathes brain all at once)

Question 11

Axonal Varicosities?

Answer 11

bumps along the axon! pores?

Question 12

Serotonin (monoamines) role?
A)
B)
C)
D)

Answer 12

A) Regulation of mood
B) control of eating
C)Sleep and dreaming
D) regulation of pain

Question 13

Cell bodies of Serotonin originate where?

Answer 13

Raphe Nuclei ( above brain stem )

Question 14

Fenfluramine inhibits what?

Answer 14

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and causes release of 5-HT; appetite suppressant.

Question 15

LSD does what?

Answer 15

Causes hallucinations through agonistic effect at certain 5-HT receptors (serotonin)

Question 16

Glutamate (GLU ) ……(Amino Acid) principle excitatory NT in the CNS…It’s NMDA receptor is involed with?

Answer 16

Formation of memories,

binds with the hallucinogenic drug PCP. (phencyclidine)

Question 17

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ( Amino acid) is a major inhibitory NT in the CNS….It’s GABA-A revceptors bing to:
A, B,C,D,E

Answer 17

A) GABA 
B) Barbiturate: if occupied can cause seizures  
C) picrotoxin 
D) steroid 
E) benzodiazepine

Question 18

Peptides are comprised of chains of amino acids. What are the receptor subtypes?
A)
B)
C)

Answer 18

1. Mu
2. Delta
3. Kappa

Question 19

Peptides play a role in???
A)
B)
C)

Answer 19

A) analgesia: pain reduction
B) inhibition of species typical defensive resposnes
C) stimulation of neurons involved in reinforcement ( reward)
(I like it process)

Question 20

Peptides- Opiates
Natural? 1,2
Semi-synthetic: 1
Synthetic opioids: 1

Answer 20

A) morphine, codeine
B) heroin
C) meperidine ( Demerol)

Question 21

Peptides are usually released with ? They regulate what?

Answer 21

Usually co-released with other NTs; regulate sensitivity of the receptors to NTs

Question 22

Lipids : Anandamide??

Answer 22

the natural ligand for the THC receptor found in various areas of the brain ( plays a role in memory)

Question 23

Gases : ex?

Answer 23

nitric oxide:important role in vasodilation and blood flow.