Chapter 15: Ecstasy Flashcards

0
Q

It is banned in Canada, the USA, and UK since 1985 due to what?

A
  • neurotoxic effects seen in both rats and humans (death via serotonin releasing cells)
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1
Q

When was it originally synthesized? For what function?

A
  • 90 years ago

- appetite suppressant

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2
Q

Originally it was used as a ___ drug. Which means?

A
  • designer drug

L> not subjected to legislation

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3
Q

MDMA is a potent releaser of what four NT’s?

A
  1. 5-HT (serotonin)
  2. DA (dopamine)
  3. NE (Norepinephrine )
  4. Acetylcholine (ACh)
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4
Q

Subjectively MDMA induces both ___ like and ___ like effects but usually without the ___ produced by __. (except in higher doses)

A
  • LSD, amphetamines, hallucinations, LSD
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5
Q

In animals , MDMA will generalize to what drug and not what other?

A
  • amphetamine

- but not LSD

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6
Q

What are the most common positive subjective effects of MDMA? (6)

A
  1. changes in feelings and emotions > 2. increase in communication, empathy and understanding in interactions with others> 3. cognitive insights> 4. euphoria> 5. perceptual distortions or hallucinations> 6. transcendental or religious experiences
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7
Q

What are the most common negative effects of MDMA?

8

A
  1. elevation of bp and pulse > 2. muscle tension and jaw clenching > 3. fatigue > 4. insomnia > 5. sweating > 6. Blurred vision > 7. loss of motor control > 8. anxiety
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8
Q

Can induce Serotonin Syndrome, symptoms?(6)

A
  • disorientation and confusion
  • agitation and restlessness
  • fever and shivering
  • profuse sweating
  • impaired coordination
  • involuntary muscle contractions
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9
Q

It can cause loss of heat regulation which can damage what three things?

A

-muscles, liver and kidneys

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10
Q

It can trigger epileptiform seizures, description?

A
  • brief episodes of abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain..
  • thrashing, loss of awareness
  • epilepsy (unprovoked recurrent)
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11
Q

Most frequently reported long term effects (Verheyden et al. 2003)

  1. Development of tolerance to positive effects, while negative effects increase - stat?
  2. Impaired ability to concentrate - stat?
  3. Depression - stat?
  4. feeling more open towards people - stat?
A
  1. 59%
  2. 38%
  3. 37%
  4. 31%
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12
Q

MDMA is ____ to serotonergic neurons aka ___ degeneration.

A
  • neurotoxic, axon
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13
Q

After use of MDMA in animals, cerebral levels of 5-HT __ and can last for months (rats) or years (primates).

A
  • decline
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14
Q

In humans, use of MDMA. There is some evidence for ___ neurotoxicity but it is complicated by ___ use (common) and ___ of MDMA with other drugs.

A
  • 5-HT
  • polydrug
  • adulteration (cutting agents…..reduce the amount of expensive product in illicit drugs)
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15
Q

Human users of MDMA have shown abnormalities in ___, ___, ___,___ and other dimensions of ___.

A
  • sleep, mood, neuroendocrine function, impulsivity and other dimensions of personality.
16
Q

Numerous studies of users have found deficits in ____, ___, ___, and ___.

A
  • short term and long term memory, processing speed and attention
17
Q

Saliva dinorum?

A
  • psyhoactive plant that produces visions and dissociative effects like LSD
  • active ingredient = Salvinorin A - first known diterpene hallucinogen