Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioural Pharmacology > Chapter 15: Hallucinogens - Monoaminergic > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Hallucinogens - Monoaminergic Flashcards

0
Q

Prior human experience with LSD before it was synthesized was Ergotism( St.Anthony’s fire). Explain

A
  • from eating ergot-infested rye….
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

When was Lysergic Acid Diethylamide first synthesized? (LSD)

A
  • 1938
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of ergot fungus?

-St. Anthony’s fire type

A
  • constricted blood flow to the limbs making the person feel excessively warm.
  • can lead to gangrene (limb falls off)
  • during Middle Ages
  • derivatives of LSD in the fungus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Symptoms of other types of fungus?

A
  • convulsions
  • delirium
  • hallucinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When was the first LSD trip and by who?

A
  • 1943

- Albert Hoffman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Humphrey Osmond suggest with LSD ?

A
  • model for psychosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did the US army and CIA use LSD for?

A
  • incapacitation and interrogation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who coined the term psychedelic?

A
  • Timothy Leary in 1960 at Harvard University
  • tested on students
    L> empty room: no effect
    L> home: big effect
  • environment has a huge effect on experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pharmacokinetics?

  1. physical description
  2. Blood brain barrier and placental?
  3. Effective dose?Duration of effect??
  4. Onset of action?
  5. Tolerance?
  6. Cross tolerance ?
  7. Physical dependance and lethality?
A
  1. odourless, colourless, tasteless
  2. crosses them easily
  3. 50 micrograms
  4. 30-90 mins, duration of effect= 5-12 hours
  5. Tolerance develops very rapidly and totally but reverses quickly (3-4 days)
  6. With mescaline and psilocybin
  7. none present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is LSD sold?

A
  • as hits

L> 0- 300ug ..avg= 200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Traditionally how is LSD been absorbed?

A
  • blotting paper, which may be plain or printed with various cartoons or mosaic patterns.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a gel tab?

A
  • LSD is in gelatine, that is set in moulds of various shapes, or flat squares called window panes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are microdots?

A
  • candies, tiny pills containing LSD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is better and why: Gelatine LSD or Blotting paper?

A
  • Gelatine!

L> it protects the LSD from deterioration caused via light and exposure to air…..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is Mescaline acquired?

A
  • dried heads of the peyote cactus

L> taken orally or dipped in a drink…. (200 to 400 ug)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

There are few common physical effects on the body from LSD but what are some common ones?

A
  • dilatation of pupils
  • nausea
  • changes in body temp
  • increased heart rate
16
Q

LSD has an affinity for __ receptors, especially in the ___ cortex, this may be responsible for altered interpretation of what?

A
  • 5-HT2a
  • medial prefrontal
  • sensory info and cognitive distortions
17
Q

LSD activates the __ neurons of the _____; enhancing the response to ____ stimuli.

A
  • NE, locus coeruleus

- novel

18
Q

LSD produces hallucinatory effects that are _ unique; they are determined by characteristics of the ___, not by the___.
L> list three examples of this

A
  • not
  • brain
  • drug
    1. vastly diff drugs cause similar hallucinations
    2. visual effects are similar to those during non drug hallucinations
    3. hallucinations are similar in different cultures
19
Q

Subjective effects of LSD:

  1. Entactogenic effects
  2. Empathogenic effects
A
  1. personal insight

2. experience of great emotional or personal significance (religious exp)

20
Q

Subjective effects:

1. Hallucinogenic effects

A
  1. vivid visual images
    L> opened eyes= projected on whatever object looking at
    L> closed eyes= blackbackground
    - geometric images
21
Q

Common geometric images hallucinated on LSD?

A
  1. grating
  2. lattice
  3. cobweb
  4. tunnel
  5. funnel
  6. cone
  7. spiral
22
Q

Visual hallucinations occur in what three states?

A
  1. fever deliriums
  2. insulin hypoglycaemia
  3. Hyponogogic states (before drifting off to sleep )
23
Q

Geometric images are in phase one of hallucinations what are present in phase two during LSD trips?

A
  • personally meaningful images
24
Q 
Tripping : 
Phase 1. 
Phase 2. 
Phase 3. 
L> a. 
L> b.
A
  1. autonomic effects
  2. early hallucinations: colours, geometric patterns, synesthesia(cross over of senses)
  3. complex hallucinations
    a. dream like states with detached observations
    b. involvement in imagery, with cognitive and mood changes; true loss of reality.
25
Q

Bad trips :

  1. more common in what users?
  2. cause disturbing ___ and ___.
  3. Cause the sense of being ____ in the state.
  4. Key factors involved in a bad trip?
  5. can they be talked down?
A
  1. novice users
  2. imagery and thoughts
  3. trapped
  4. negative set (mind set) and setting
  5. yes they can but not if on PCP
26
Q

Describe:

  1. Phantasticant Effects
  2. Perceptual Effects
A
  1. experiences they are having are of great emotional or worldly experience… (spiritual in nature)
  2. greatly enhanced pleasure derived from viewing art, and especially listening to music.
27
Q

Describe a psychotic reaction!

  1. does it require hospitalization?
  2. who is it common in?
  3. symptoms resemble?
  4. this can develop after?
A
  1. hospitalization
  2. more common in already mentally unstable individuals
  3. schizophrenia like symptoms but especially paranoia
  4. can develop after inadvertent use (not being prepared before use)
28
Q

Flashbacks:

  1. Can cause spontaneous what?
  2. More common after what?
  3. Can be triggered by what?
  4. Is the mechanism known?
A
  1. recurrence of elements of a trip after a drug free period
  2. multiple trips
  3. other drugs after LSD use
  4. unknown
29
Q

Clinical applications of LSD?

  1. Model of psychosis?
  2. clinical uses?
A
  1. no, high doses of PCP (phencycline/ angels dust) or amph are better giving better psychomimetic effects (mimicking psychosis)
  2. no current uses
30
Q

Self administration of LSD?

  1. Animals
  2. Humans
A
  1. does not generally occur, animals usually find LSD aversive
  2. LSD is taken episodically, and does not typically increase over time.
31
Q

Lysergic Acid Amide:

  1. found in what ?
  2. compare to LSD effect?
  3. Commercially available?
A
  1. morning glory seeds (Ololiuqui )
  2. inferior to LSD
  3. yes, seeds are coated with an emetic so you puke if you try to administer them
32
Q 
Mescaline: 
1. from?
2. hallucinations?
3. Is there amnesia or mental clouding?
4. Chemical characteristics: 
A. BBB? and Placenta?
B. half life?
C. sympathomimetic effects?
A
  1. peyote cactus
  2. clear visual hallucinations; geometric patterns and intense, saturated colours
  3. NO
  4. A. pass poorly…require high doses
    B. 6 hours
    C. some, due to noradrenergic properties
33
Q 
Psilocybin and Psilocin 
A. from?
B.  Aztecs called it?
C. Perceptual distortions? 
D. Other two distortions?
A

A. Psilocybe (Magic Muschrooms)
B. Teonanacatl= God’s flesh
C. time and space
D. Body image distortions and out of the body effects (depersonalization)

34
Q

Myristicin and Elemicin :
A. Found in?
B. resembles chemically?
C. Effects?

A

A. nutmeg and mace
B. mescaline
C. Euphoria, but also unpleasant toxic effects (similar to anticholinergic hallucinogens)

35
Q

withdrawal??

A
  • no withdrawal ever documented b/c never taken continuously for any period of time…and do not lead to physical dependance

Behavioural Pharmacology (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions