Chapter 10: Psychomotor Stimulants Flashcards
What spanish explorer found incas chewing coca leaves in the Andes mountains in 1531?
- Francsisco Pizzaro
In the 1500s conquistadors use coca as a what to exploit and subjugate their inca labourers?
reward
positive reinforcer
In 1786 Lamarck classified the coca plant as what?
- Erythroxylon coca
In 1860 Albert Niemann isolated the active alkaloid of the coca leaf and called it what?
cocaine
In 1883 Angelo Mariani introduced what which had cocaine in it?
Mariani’s Wine
In 1884 _______ prescribed cocaine for his friend to aid in his morphine addiction..
Sigmund Freud
In 1884 Sigmund Freud also wrote a book on cocaine explaining what?
- the virtues of it
By 1884 Karl Koller wrote a medical paper on what property of cocaine?
local anesthetic properties
In 1884 William Halstead the founder of John Hopkins Med School did what?
experimented with cocaine injections to aid with his morphine addiction
In 1886 what was invented by John Smythe Pemberton?
Hint: ___+ rum = smashed
Coca-Cola …. with active alkaloid
In 1887 freud recognized what about cocaine?
- adverse effects of it…
In 1889 Magnan and Saury described what about cocaine?
tactile hallucinations aka coke bugs
By 1899 what was the cocaine mentality like?
- harmful
In 1906 what was established?
Pure Food and Drug Act (US) requires accurate labelling…..coca cola goes clean…no more cocaine, now caffeine
In 1914 what occurred?
cocaine trafficking goes?
cocaine use was now regulated
- passage of Harrison Narcotics Act (US)
cocaine trafficking goes underground
Cocaine is derived from what?
Erythoxylum coca
1.Amphetamine (types and where do they occur)
- Synthetic
A) d-amphetamine: more potent in central effects (ex: Dexedrine)
B) l-amphetamine
C) dl-amphetamine- mixture of both isomers (ex: Adderall
- used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy
D) Methamphetamine: treats ADHD and obesity
L> Desoxyn or Methedrine ..can be synthesized from cold medication
2.Methylphendate (source and example)
Pipradrol ?
- slightly different from cocaine
- synthetic
- Ritalin
- treats ADHD
- – treats senile dementia
3.Ephedrine ( source and example)
- naturally occurring
- herb–> Ma Huang
4.Cathinone ( source and example)
Synthetic Derivatives?
Bupropion
others have been used recreationally (3)
- naturally occurring
- Catha edulis
- not stable
- antidepressant and smoking cessation aid
- Mephedrone
- ephedrone
- methedrone
5.Mephedrone ( source and example)
aka bath salts to avoid legal issues
synthetic from cathinone
On a dosage curve graph stimulants take what shape?
inverted U
- Psychomotor drugs stimulate synapses that use what?(4)
- collectively what are these called?
- Which three are very similar? Collectively what are they called?
- Epinephrine(E), norepinephrine(NE), dopamine(DA) and serotonin (5-HT)
- Monoamines
- E, NE and DA; catecholamines
What is an Indoleamine?
- 5-HT aka serotonin
Sympathomimetic?(2)
think 5-HT
- chemically different from CAs but influenced by many of the same drugs and destroyed by the same enzymes..
- E is the primary transmitter in the SNS….and 5-HT stimulate sympathetic synapses mimicking sympathetic arousal
- Amphetamines are what??(kpa)
- implicating what when taken orally
- it’s more potent when taken how?3
- weak bases, kpa= 9-10
- ionize in digestive system, slowing the rate of absorption when taken orally
- injection, inhalation or snorting
What is the advantage of taking amphetamines orally?
- blood levels may be kept fairly constant without too much variation over time
Cocaine has what kind of a Kpa?
is it similar to Amphetamines or dissimilar?
- 7
- similar in routes of administrations
Cocaine is nearly always taken how?
However it has recently been popular to take it how and as what?
- injected, sniffed to improve absorption
- via smoke, hydrochloride salt and as a freebase
What is the most common form in the US to take cocaine?
- hydrochloride cocaine
Describe Tooting!
- origin?
- place some of the powder on a sheet of tinfoil and heat it until vaporized and inhale it ( similar to injection)
- started off as a way to test purity, pure cocaine leaves little residue behind on tinfoil
What is crack?3
- Cocaine HCl mixed with a solution of baking soda
- water evaporates leaving crystalline chunks aka rocks..that are heated in pipes
- baking soda is a base and removes ionic charge increasing lipid solubility of substance..
After oral administration the rate of absorption for amphetamines is determined by what?
Peak blood levels?
presence of food inn the stomach and the degree of physical activity
- peak bl= 30 mins- 4hours
After intranasal administration of cocaine peak bl is reached when?
- 10-20 mins
Why is the rate of absorption for vaporized cocaine HCl and cocaine via freebase so high?
- release the cocaine molecule in unionized form, making it highly lipid soluble
Cathinone is taken how?
orally via chewing leaves of Khat
Methacathinone is taken how in Russia? USA?
- injection
- sniffing