Chapter 30 Note Cards Flashcards
New Left
Who - Diverse group of young men & women (primarily white)
What - Radicalization of American college & university students driven by the polarizing developments around them
When - 1960s
Where - US
Why - Baby-boom increased young population
Free Speech Movement
Who - Students at Berkeley; spread to other universities
What - Students produced a strike and protested Berkeley; cause expanded by antiwar movement
When - Began 1964; was nearly a decade long
Where - U of California at Berkeley
Why - Sparked by dispute over students’ right to engage in political activity on campus (specifically passing out political literature & recruiting ppl to help with political causes)
Students for Democratic Society (SDS)
Who - Students primarily from prestigious universities; New Left
What - Expressed their discontent for the society they inherited & their determination to create new politics
When - 1962
Where - Michigan
Why - To voice their demands
Counterculture
Who - Hippies; youth
What - Culture scornful of values of middle-class society; emphasized drug use, following instincts & desires, challenging society, nature; part of a “sexual revolution” (sparked by access to contraceptives & legalized abortion); rock n’ roll
When - 1966
Where - US
Why - New Left; against society
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Who - Young & militant Native Americans
What - Social reform; resulted in Indian Civil Rights Act (1968); also sparked disputes over fishing & land rights for Native Americans; very militant
When - 1968
Where - US
Why - Equality
Wounded Knee
Who - Members of AIM
What - Town was seized & occupied for 2 months; brief clash w/ feds killed one member & wounded another
When - February 1973
Where - Wounded Knee, South Dakota (site of 1980 massacre by federal troops of Sioux)
Why - Members demanded change in the administration of the reservation; wanted gov’t to honor its long-forgotten treaties
Cesar Chavez
Who - Cesar Chavez
What - Latino farmworker who created effective union; organized nationwide boycott of table grapes then lettuce; BIG deal for organization of Mexican Americans
When - 1965
Where - From Arizona; happen in CA
Why - His United Farm Workers (mostly Mexican-American) launched strike against growers for recognition, better pay, & benefits, but employers resisted
Stonewall Riot
Who - Police officers against gay ppl
What - In response to arrests, gay onlookers taunted & attacked the police; also started fire in Stonewall Inn, nearly trapping officers inside; helped make gay liberation movement
When - June 27, 1969
Where - Stonewall Inn in NYC Greenwich Village
Why - Officers raided gay bar & began arresting customers
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”
Who - Congress
What - Military wouldn’t ask recruits about their sexuality & recruits were not expected to reveal it
When - 1993
Where - US
Why - Bill Clinton attempted to lift ban on gay ppl from being in military, but received SUCH strong backlash that they had to compromise with this
Betty Friedan
Who - Betty Friedan
What - Magazine journalist who claimed that suburbs had become “comfortable concentration camps” (no outlets for women); wrote The Feminine Mystique to expand on this; created NOW w/ others
When - Book 1963
Where - US
Why - Gave voice to a movement that was already stirring (feminism revival)
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Who - Betty Friedan, other feminists
What - Largest & most influential feminist org in US; drew inspiration from black struggle for freedom; demanded greater education for women, denunciation of traditional gender roles & concept of marriage; focused lots on women in workplace
When - 1966
Where - US
Why - “Fully equal partnership of the sexes”
Roe v. Wade
Who - Supreme Court
What - Invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion in 1st trimester of pregnancy; very controversial; overturned 2022
When - 1973
Where - US
Why - Women’s movement created strong new pressure to legalize abortion
Rachel Carson
Who - Rachel Carson
What - Marine biologist & science writer who wrote Silent Spring; researched & discovered harmful impact of DDT on environment via biomagnification (mostly affected birds & fish); influenced banning of DDT
When - Letter 1957, book 1962
Where - US
Why - Received letter from friend abt death of songbirds in her backyard after spraying of DDT insecticide; evidence of growing power of environmentalism & ecology
Henry Kissinger
Who - Henry Kissinger
What - Former Harvard prof appointed by Nixon to be national security advisor; helped devise plan for stalemate in Vietnam (limit domestic opposition to war, “lottery system” for conscription, all-volunteer army)
When - 1969
Where - US
Why - Intelligent, bureaucratic, & good w/ press
Vietnamization
Who - Richard Nixon
What - Training & equipping of South Vietnamese to take over combat for American forces, lessening American forces in Vietnam; did not stop stalemate in negotiations in Paris
When - 1969
Where - US / Vietnam
Why - To quiet domestic opposition to war (worked)
Nixon Doctrine
Who - Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger
What - US would help develop & protect allies, but would leave the future of the allies to themselves
When - 1969 & 1970
Where - US / Europe
Why - Maintain stable state of affairs w/o involving the US too deeply in local disputes
“Silent Majority”
Who - Term used by Nixon
What - Conservative, middle-class ppl who wanted to reduce federal interference in local affairs
When - Late 1960s, early 1970s
Where - US
Why - N/A
George McGovern
Who - George McGovern
What - Liberal Senator of SD who was the Democratic candidate against Nixon; outspoken against Vietnam War & supported most liberal reforms that middle-class ppl rejected (helped him lose)
When - 1960s & 1970s
Where - From South Dakota
Why - N/A
OPEC
Who - World
What - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; used its oil as both a political & economic weapon (ex. Arab members said they’d no longer ship to nations supporting Israel; raised their prices by 400%) & caused shortage in West
When - Early 1970s
Where - World
Why - During Yom Kippur War, didn’t ship to nations w/ Israel (like the US) casing shortage & inflation
Stagflation
Who - Nixon administration
What - Combo of rising prices & economic stagnation
When - 1970s
Where - US
Why - Nixon tried to control inflation by curbing the money supply, but it didn’t work; while inflation rose, economic growth declined
Watergate
Who - Richard Nixon
What - 5 people were arrested for breaking into the office building and when investigating it was found that some of them were former employees of the reelection committee for Nixon & one of them had worked in the White House; they had also been paid by a secret fund of the reelection committee; months after, people came out with a slew of illegalities, some directly against Nixon; came to be a pattern of abuses of power
When - June 17, 1972
Where - Watergate Office Building (specifically the offices of Democratic National Committee), Washington DC
Why - Political spying
Gerald Ford
Who - Gerald Ford
What - New vice president for Nixon who was well-liked
When - 1973
Where - Michigan congressman
Why - Spiral Agnew – for VP – resigned
Spiral Agnew
Who - Spiral Agnew
What - VP for Nixon who resigned
When - 1973
Where - US
Why - Ppl came out with evidence that he was receiving bribes as governor and then as VP & he pleaded no contest to tax evasion (lesser charge) so that the Justice Department wouldn’t press case
