Chapter 1 Note Cards Flashcards
Tenochtitlan
Who - Mexica (Aztecs), around 100,000
What - Capital City
Where - Large island in a lake, present day Mexico City
When - 1300
Why - connected to region/supplies by aqueducts, had public buildings, schools, medical system, and slave workforce making the Mexica the most powerful tribe in the region
Corn (Maize) Cultivation
Who/Where - Natives in the Southwest, Great Plains, and East
What - Crop
Why - Allows tribes across North America (N. AM. or N/A) to be sedentary and establish permanent settlements with large trade networks and develop their own unique cultures by region
Conquistadores
Who - Cortes, Pizarro, De Soto, Coronado
What - Spanish explorers/conquerors
Where - Central and South America
When - 1500s
Why - Spread Spanish settlements to South America, Central America and parts of North America, as well as disease and death to native populations
Catholic Missions
Catholic Missions
Who - Spanish settlers & explorers
What - Form of settlement that often had military garrisons attached (used to protect from aggressive natives)
Where - South & Central America, Mexico, South and Southwest of now the US
When - Early 1600s
Why - Primarily used to convert natives to Catholicism
Encomienda
Who - Distributed by Don Juan Onate to Spanish settlers
What - Licenses to exact labor & some tribute from natives
When - Late 1500s to early 1600s
Where - New Mexico region
Why - As the Spanish traveled north from Mexico and claimed new land, the settler wanted to demand tribute from the indigenous peoples of the areas
Pueblo Revolt
Who - Pueblo Indians against Spanish settlers
What - An uprising that killed hundreds of European settlers & allowed the Pueblos to drive the Spanish out & capture Santa Fe
When - 1680 to 1696
Where - Santa Fe, New Mexico
Why - Spanish colonists tried to suppress tribal rituals that they deemed non-Christian; drought and raids by the Apache tribes increased tension
Biological and Cultural Changes
Who - European and Native American people
What - Exchange of disease, agricultural practices, labor systems (sugar, cattle, bananas)
Where - The Americas
When - n/a
Why - As the Europeans colonized America, their interactions with the natives influenced their development of societies & vice versa
Smallpox
Who - Transmitted from the Europeans to the Native Americans
What - Deadly disease that Europeans brought to the Americas when they colonized
Where - The Americas
When - Early 1500s
Why - Since Native Americans had no previous exposure to it – and therefore no immunity – their populations were decimated
Mestizos
Who - People of mixed race between Spanish and Native Americans
What - above
Where - South and Central America
When - Early 1500s
Why - Ordinary Spanish settlers didn’t take their wives with them to America, so they would often intermarry with the natives
Racial Hierarchy
Who - Included Spanish, natives, and mixed
What - A social system by which Spanish were at the top, natives were at the bottom, and mixed were in the middle
Where - In the midst of the Spanish American territories
When - Early 1500s
Why - The Spanish used Native Americans as a source of labor (at the bottom), yet through wealth and power a non-Spanish person could now be considered “Spanish”
African Slave Trade
Who - Traders began as the Portuguese & some Spanish, then Dutch (17th century), English (in 18th century); west Africans were traded
What - Due to an increase in labor demand, European slave traders began searching for slave candidates on the west coast of Africa; slaves were traded for European goods
Where - Slaves from west Africa, traded to Europe and then to the Americas
When - 16th to 18th century
Why - Occurred due to the increase in European demand of sugarcane
Matrilineal
Who - Practiced by Native American and African societies
What - wealth and property are inherited from the mother’s side of the family
When - n/a
Where - Africa, America (not by European settlers)
Why - n/a; tradition
Atlantic World
Atlantic World
Who - Europeans, Native Americans, Africans
What - A defined area that represents which societies had massive impacts on others during the Age of Exploration both socially and economically
When - n/a
Where - Europe, Americas, Africa
Why - Explains the connections that were formed due to the European emigration to the Americas between many societies
Charter Companies
Who - Merchants who joined forces
What - Company operating on a charter from a monarch, which gave company permission for a trading in a certain region
When - First ones around the mid 1500s (Muscovy Company)
Where - English in the New World
Why - Gave the companies an economic advantage, assisting trade; encouraged expansion of trade
Mercantilism
Who - Europeans
What - Idea that the whole nation was responsible for economic success – not individuals, & that the best move is to extract wealth from foreign lands
When - Began to spread during 1500s
Where - Gained popularity in Europe; England
Why - The point was to increase the nation’s overall wealth
