Chapter 19 Note Cards Flashcards
Pendleton Act
Who - Pres Chester A. Arthur
What - US’s first civil service measure; required some federal jobs to be filled by written examinations rather than patronage; alternative to spoils system
When - 1883
Where - US
Why - Arthur wanted to promote reform & have an independent course
Sherman Antitrust Act
Who - Congress
What - Was unlikely to have any real corporate power; legislature would keep trusts in check
When - July 1890
Where - US
Why - Popular demand; was seen as a symbolic measure
Interstate Commerce Act
Who - Congress; administered by Interstate Commerce Commission (had little practical effect)
What - Banned discrimination between long vs short hauls, railroads had to publish schedules, all rail rates had to be “reasonable and just” (railroads)
When - 1887
Where - US
Why - After the Wabash case & states could now only regulate commerce within their own boundaries, so only federal gov’t could do much of anything
Populism
Who - American farmers
What - Powerful political protest movement; important cultural experience that made farmer feel less lonely; wanted a broad political coalition; disliked national banks; depositing crops w/ the gov’t, which they would then use as collateral
When - 1880s
Where - US
Why - Farmers were frustrated w/ the gov’t b/c of the lack of assistance (economic & political)
The Grange
Who - Oliver H. Kelley
What - At first brought farmers together to learn new strategies, keeping a feeling of community; then began to focus on economic possibilities; populists
When - 1860s
Where - US
Why - Kelley was disturbed by the drabness of rural life
Farmers Alliance
Who - Southern farmers
What - Concerned w/ local issues; argued for neighborly responsibility; also wanted to improve economic conditions
When - 1875
Where - South (mostly Texas), then Midwest
Why - Populism
Panic of 1893
Who - N/A
What - Most severe depression as of then; many New York banks invested in the stock market so the crash led to a wave of failures; agricultural prices tumbled; 20% of labor force lost lobs; produced social unrest
When - Began March 1893 to 1901
Where - US
Why - Philadelphia and Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy, then National Cordage company failed -> stock market collapse
William Jennings Bryan
Who - William Jennings Bryan
What - Defended “free silver” & convinced a convention to agree with him after one speech; symbol of rural, middle-class America; supported by Democrats & Populists alike
When - Speech in 1896
Where - US
Why - N/A
William McKinley
Who - William McKinley
What - Governor of OH who was nominated for the Republican party & went against William Jennings Bryan; opposed free silver
When - 1896 election
Where - From Ohio
Why - N/A
Imperialism
Who - US citizens
What - Backed by the idea that it was their duty to “uplift less fortunate peoples”; fueled by Manifest Destiny
When - 1890s; US became imperial formally in 1898
Where - US
Why - Americans wanted to continue to expand
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Who - Alfred Thayer Mahan
What - Apostle of imperialism; thought that countries with sea power were much stronger & that the US’s strength would rest on its naval state
When - 1890s
Where - US
Why - Imperialism
Hawaii
Who - Queen Liliuokalani
What - Americans negatively affected population (disease); Queen rose to challenge America’s control; in 1893, American planters who lived there staged a revolution, calling on the US for help; marines were sent & Queen gave up her authority
When - Annexed 1898
Where - Hawaii
Why - US wanted Pearl Harbor (Oahu) to be a permanent base
Yellow Journalism
Who - Popularized by William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer (who were rivals)
What - “Lurid” reporting style with bold graphics that was democratic; name derived fro “the Yellow Kid,” a character from a comic
When - Early 1900s
Where - US
Why - Meant to reach a large audience
Cuban Revolt
Who - Spain vs Cuba
What - Reported by American press (fed teh narrative that the Spaniards were doing all the bad); Cubans decimated the island in order to get the Spaniards to leave; Spaniards let LOTS of Cubans die in concentration camps
When - 1895
Where - Cuba
Why - Poor treatment by Spanish
The Maine
Who - N/A
What - American battleship that blew up, losing 260 people; people thought the Spanish blew it up, but newer evidence suggests that it was accidental; war hysteria ensued
When - Late 1890s
Where - Havana Harbor
Why - Sent to Cuba to protect American lives
Spanish-American War
Who - Spain, US, Cuba
What - Viewed by a lot of Americans as a good thing; Americans suffered few casualties; enhanced racial tensions (black units were being formed) in America, while black people in Cuba were fully integrated into their military (upset black people in America more); started to free Cuba, then became an attempt to strip Spain of its territories
When - April to August 1898
Where - North America (Cuba)
Why - American intervention between Spain & Cuba; sinking of the Maine
The Philippines
Who - Theodore Roosevelt; Commodore george Dewey
What - Roosevelt sent troops to capture & quickly destroyed the Spanish fleet, forcing Spanish to surrender
When - May 1, 1898
Where - Philippines (Pacific)
Why - Determined to expand power; was convinced by friends that during the Spanish-American War was an opportunity to seize more
Foraker Act
Who - US, Puerto Rico
What - Ended military rule & established American gov’t; US could amend or end any legislation Puerto Ricans passed
When - 1900
Where - Puerto Rico
Why - Change from when the US military controlled it during the war
Puerto Rico
Who - Was under Spain, now under US
What - Island that was granted a degree of independence by Spain (1898); has an economy based on sugar
When - Annexed into US 1917
Where - Puerto Rico
Why - N/A
Anti-Imperialist League
Who - Upper class Bostonians & New Yorkers & others
What - Some believed imperialism was immoral, while others believed that Americans would be weakened by bringing in other races
When - 1898
Where - US (specifically Northeast)
Why - Fight against annexation
Platt Amendment
Who - Made by US
What - Prohibited Cuba from making treaties w/ other nations, US could intervene & could have naval stations in Cuba
When - 1901
Where - Cuba
Why - Response to Cuba making a Constitution that didn’t reference the US
Emilio Aguinaldo
Who - Emilio Aguinaldo
What - Claimed to be the head of the Philippines’ gov’t; led the Filipinos in a rebellion against American forces
When - Late 1890s to early 1900s
Where - Philippines
Why - Protect his lands
Open Door Policy
Who - Pres McKinley. Secretary of State John Hay
What - Three notes sent to the below nations saying: 1) each nation with influence on China must respect the others with influence on China; 2) Chinese officials should keep collecting tariffs; 3) nations can’t discriminate against each other; were not received well
When - September 1898
Where - US to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan, & Italy
Why - Acquisition of the Philippines piqued American interest in Asia; also other countries were beginning to make claims over China & America wanted to keep its ties (without starting war)
Boxer Rebellion
Who - Boxers (Chinese martial arts society)
What - Boxers launched a rebellion against foreigners; took siege over the Western diplomatic corps (including US, who had to be rescued)
When - 1900
Where - China
Why - Resulted in more accepting of Open Door Policy & compensation from Chinese for the damages
