Chapter 12 Note Cards Flashcards
Hudson River School
Who - Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, Asher Durand
What - First great school of painters; they saw nature as the greatest source of wisdom; through their paintings, they portrayed the idea that “wild nature” still existed in America, unlike in Europe; also held nostalgia in order to preserve that wild nature
Where - New York
When - 1800s
Why - Group that sought to “evoke the wonder of the nation’s landscape”
James Fenimore Cooper
Who - James Fenimore Cooper
What - Considered the first great American novelist; known for his wielding of adventure and suspense while depicting the American wilderness; celebrated American spirit as well as the ideal of an independent individual with a natural good; also suggested that social order was needed even in the wild
Where - Born New York
When - 1820s
Why - N/A
Edgar Allan Poe
Who - Edgar Allan Poe
What - American writer who was responsible for a large amount of poems and short stories with very sad themes; lots of pain and horror in his works
Where - Was southern
When - 1820s to 1840s
Why - Important because he ended up influencing some European writers, but American writers were weary of him
Transcendentalism
Who - Inspired by German philosophers like Kant, Hegel, and Schelling & English writers like Coleridge and Carlyle
What - Primarily rested on the individual; one should give full expression to their emotions and instincts; each person should reach to “transcend” the limits of intellect
Where - US
When - 1830s
Why - Response to intellectualism
Henry David Thoreau
Who - Henry David Thoreau
What - Transcendentalist who wrote the book Walden, and built a house on Walden Pond in MA to live in alone for two years; practiced civil disobedience
Where - From Concord
When - Early to mid 1800s
Why - He wished to “live deliberately”
Margaret Fuller
Who - Margaret Fuller
What - Transcendentalist who raised the issue of gender and gender roles; emphasized the importance of self & what it has to do with gender roles and the antebellum reform;
Where - US
When - Early 1800s, dies in 1850
Why - Important because she became an intellectual leader whose status/perspective as a woman gave her great power
Joseph Smith
Who - Joseph Smith
What - Established the Mormons; published the Book of Mormon; was arrested for suspected treason in Illinois (was killed in jail by an angry mob)
Where - Northeast US
When - Published Book of Mormon 1830
Why - Claimed he had found a set of golden tablets in the hills of New York, which his translated to form the Book of Mormon
Shakers
Who - Founded by “Mother” Ann Lee
What - Redefined sexuality and gender roles and encouraged gender equality, thought eh women generally exercised more power; committed to celibacy, which meant that no one could be born into the religion; did not approve of American life
Where - Northeast & Northwest US
When - 1770s to the 1900s, particularly large in the 1840s
Why - Known to try to “shake themselves of sin” during a ritualistic dance, which is why they’re called “Shakers”
Temperance Crusade
Who - American Society for Promotion of Temperance, Washington’s Temperance Society
What - Crusade against drunkenness; against alcohol
Where - US
When - Since late 1700s, picked up early- to mid-1800s
Why - Women were upset that it put an extra burden on them (men wasted money on alcohol, made them poorer); drunkenness led to more crime; men drank 3x more alcohol then than they do today (especially because more was being produced)
Public Education/Horace Mann
Who - Horace Mann
What - Greatest education reformer; first secretary of the MA Board of Education (1837); aided the public education movement significantly;
Where - New England
When - early 1800s
Why - Thought that education was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor” & to protect democracy
Utopian Societies
Who - Often transcendentalists
What - Lots of experimental communities (like Brook Farm) that attempted new forms of socialization; the idea of a utopian society in one without troubles or suffering
Where - US
When - Popular in the mid 1800s
Why - Seeked ideal communities
Indian Reservation
Who - For Natives
What - Supposed solution to the “problems of Native Americans”; an enclosed region where Native Americans would live separate from American society
When - 1840s and 1850s
Where - US
Why - Thought that the Native Americans could learn to learn the “ways of civilization in a protected setting”; moved the Natives out of solid lands that white people wished to colonize
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Who - Elizabeth Cady Stanton
What - Drew parallels between struggles of women & slaves; pressed the boundaries that men put on them; part of the Seneca Falls Convention
When - 1840s
Where - US
Why - Equality
Sarah and Angelica Grimke
Who - Sarah and Angelica Grimke
What - Abolitionist sisters who claimed that “men and women are CREATED EQUAL”
When - 1830s
Where - Born in SC
Why - Equality; didn’t appreciate the rising restrictions of the 1820s and 30s
Susan B Anthony
Who - Susan B Anthony
What - Feminist and abolitionist; helped with the Seneca Falls Convention
When - 1840s
Where - US
Why - Equality
Abolitionists
Who - Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, etc.
What - People who wished to abolish slavery
When - Began early 1800s
Where - US; particularly the North
Why - Believed it to be inhumane
American Colonization Society
Who - Prominent white Virginians
What - Attempted to challenge the practice of slavery without challenging the ideas of property rights or southern notions; proposed the gradual freeing of slaves (who would be then shipped out of the country so they could be free elsewhere) with the owners receiving compensation; not entirely successful
When - 1817
Where - US
Why - Aimed to abolish slavery
Seneca Falls Convention
Who - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B Anthony, Lucretia Mott, lots of Quakers
What - Convention that discussed women’s rights; produced a “Declaration of Sentiments”; launched women’s suffrage movement; rejected the idea that men and women should be in different societal “spheres”
When - 1848
Where - Seneca Falls, NY
Why - To achieve equality between the sexes
William Lloyd Garrison
Who - William Lloyd Garrison
What - Assistant to Quaker who published an anti-slavery paper; grew tired of the passiveness from his master, so founded the Liberator newspaper; rejected gradualism & wanted immediate abolition; end goal was for African Americans to become citizens
When - Born 1805; Liberator in 1831
Where - From MA
Why - Founded the newspaper because he was tired of the mild tone; important because he said that opponents of slavery should view it from the point of view of a black man; people should not talk about how horrible slavery is to white people, but rather the effects it has had on African Americans
Anti-Abolitionism
Who - White southerners, but also Northerners
What - The idea that abolitionism was a scary topic, that it might lead to war; led to violent reprisals; still did not deter abolitionists
When - 1800s, 1830s
Where - US
Why - Opposition to abolitionism
Frederick Douglass
Who - Frederick Douglass
What - African American abolitionist who escaped slavery; allowed black abolitionists to become a more powerful force & to form alliances with white abolitionists
When - 1838 escaped
Where - Fled from Maryland to MA
Why - Wanted slavery abolished & for African Americans to be considered equal
Fugitive Slave Law
Who - Instilled by US gov’t
What - Forced Northerners to return fugitive slaves to their owners
When - 1840s
Where - US
Why - Fugitive slaves were escaping to the North, so the South was rather upset
Amistad
Who - Spanish
What - A Spanish slave vessel; Garrisonians helped fund the legal battle for this; mutiny during which the slaves killed the captain and cook, ordering Spanish to sail them back to Africa
When - 1839
Where - US
Why - N/A
