Chapter 29 Note Cards Flashcards
John Kennedy
Who - John Kennedy
What - Democrat who won election of 1960 against Nixon (republican); reduced tariffs & called fo tax cuts during presidency
When - Assassinated November 22, 1963 in TX
Where - From MA
Why - Created problem called the “New Frontier” w/ domestic reforms
New Frontier
Who - John Kennedy
What - Set of domestic reforms; most ambitious since New Deal; not very successful b/c of conservatives in Congress
When - Early 1960s
Where - US
Why - This is what Kennedy campaigned by
Great Society
Who - Pres Lyndon Johnson
What - Reform program
When - 1963 to 1968
Where - US
Why - Won approval for lots of it b/c of skillful lobbying in Congress
Medicaid
Who - Pres Johnson
What - Extended federal med assistance to recipients & poor people of all ages
When - 1966
Where - US
Why - Assault on poverty
Medicare
Who - Pres Johnson; for elderly
What - Provided aid to elderly for med expenses; had widespread support
When - 1965
Where - US
Why - Assault on poverty
Freedom Rides
Who - Interracial student group, CORE
What - Tried to force desegregation of bus stations; were met with such violence that federal marshals were sent to keep peace
When - 1961
Where - South US
Why - Racial equality
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Who - Students; helped African Americans
What - Encouraged black people to challenge obstacles that Jim Crow Laws put in place
When - 1960s
Where - US (mostly South); black communities & rural areas
Why - Racial equality
Freedom Summer
Who - Civil rights workers of all backgrounds
What - Campaign where people spread out on the behalf of black voter registration & participation; met a violent response form white southerners
When - Summer 1964
Where - South, mostly MS
Why - After civil rights bill, the movement shifted its focus to voting rights
George Wallace
Who - George Wallace
What - Governor of AL who pledged to stand in the doorway of U Alabama to prohibit the enrolled black students form entering; only moved when federal marshalls arrived
When - 1963
Where - AL
Why - Racism
March on Washington
Who - 200,000+ demonstrators
What - These people gathered PEACEFULLY in front of the Lincoln Memorial for the greatest civil rights demonstration in history; where MLK performed his “I have a dream” speech
When - August 1963
Where - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.
Why - To generate support for Kennedy’s proposed legislation to end segregation in public
Black Power
Who - African Americans
What - Philosophy suggesting a move away from interracial means and to move towards racial distinctiveness
When - Most visible during Garvey movement (1920s)
Where - US
Why - African Americans were disappointed by the peaceful approach at equality
Malcolm X
Who - Malcolm Little / Malcolm X
What - Former drug addict & member of Nation of Islam who became a huge influence in the civil rights movement; encouraged black people to defend themselves (“kill that dog”)
When - 1960s (assassinated 1965)
Where - US
Why - Equality
Bay of Pigs
Who - Started by Eisenhower administration, approved by Kennedy
What - An assault on the Castro gov’t in Cuba where the CIA trained 2,000 anti-Castro Cuban exiles & landed them in Cuba; they expected US air support & support from Cubans but didn’t receive it & things were going very poorly so Kennedy had to withdraw coming air support so that the US wasn’t tied as closely with it
When - April 17-19, 1961
Where - Bay of Pigs, Cuba
Why - The US didn’t like Castro or his philosophies (communism)
Cuban Missile Crisis
Who - US (Kennedy), Soviet Union (Nikita Khrushchev)
What - Kennedy ordered naval air blockade over Cuba & preparations for US assault on the missile sites were underway when Kennedy received message from Khrushchev implying Soviet Union would remove missile sites as long as US didn’t invade Cuba, ending crisis
When - October 14-26, 1961
Where - Cuba
Why - Soviets were constructing sites in Cuba for massive nuclear weapons b/c they thought it was cheap & reasonable b/c US had missile sites in Turkey; US thought it was an act of aggression
Ho Chi Minh
Who - Ho Chi Minh
What - Leader of the Vietminh political party; communist & vietnamese nationalist
When - Leader of Vietnam starting 1945
Where - Vietnam
Why - After collapse of Japan in 1945 (& before the Western powers could return) Ho Chi Minh made VIetnam and independent nation
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Who - Passed in Congress for pres Johnson
What - Allowed pres to take “all necessary measures” to protect US forces and “prevent further aggression” in SE Asia
When - 1964
Where - US
Why - Johnson announced that US destroyers on Gulf of Tonkin were attacked by Northern Vietnamese torpedoes (later ppl wondered if the depiction was entirely accurate)
Ngo Dinh Diem
Who - Ngo Dinh Diem
What - Aristocratic nationalist Catholic who (with help of US CIA) held campaign to challenge central gov’t, gaining US’s support; launched another campaign to remove Vietminh supporters after split which was very successful, so North responded & Diem’s regime grew less and less powerful; Buddhists were participating in anti-gov’t demonstrations & though US urged Diem to change his gov’t he didn’t, so Kennedy gave approval for plot by South Vietnamese group to topple Dem & he was assassinated
When - 1950s to 1963
Where - From central Vietnam, governed in South
Why - N/A
Viet Cong
Who - Vietnimh cadres in South
What - AKA National Liberation Front (NLF); org allied with North Vietnam committed to overthrowing Diem (successful)
When - Est 1959
Where - Vietnam
Why - Response to Diem’s campaign to rid South Vietnam of Vietnimh supporters
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Who - North Vietnam soldiers
What - Route soldiers took to infiltrate South
When - 1960s
Where - Vietnam
Why - Strategy
Tet Offensive
Who - Communists
What - Communist forces launched concerted attack on US stronghold in South Vietnam; also massacred supported of Saigon regime
When - January 31, 1968; Vietnamese New Year (called Tet)
Where - South Vietnam
Why - Important back in the US b/c drained support for war (very vivid depictions of horrid and brutal conditions)
Robert Kennedy
Who - Robert Kennedy
What - Entered presidential campaign as Democrat; anti Vietnam war; popular among African Americans, poor, antiwar cause
When - 1968
Where - US
Why - Established himself as Democratic candidate after Johnson dropped out of the race (he lost lots of support after Tet Offensive)
Richard Nixon
Who - Richard Nixon
What - Republican presidential candidate in 1968 & won; appealed to people who were “tired of hearing” about helping the poor & the sacrifices they had to make to reach racial justice; offered “stability”
When - 1968
Where - US
Why - His win revealed that America valued stability over social change
