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CTC Bio 1107 > Chapter 2 : Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 : Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has weight and takes up space

Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

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2
Q

Mass

A

Measure of the amount of matter (grams)

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3
Q

Weight

A

Measure of the pull of gravity on the mass of an object

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4
Q

Elements

A

The smallest form of matter (must maintain unique characteristics

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5
Q

A single element is considered

A

An atom

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6
Q

Atoms of the different elements vary in

A

Size and how they interact with one another

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7
Q

An atom consists

A

of a nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and electrons that orbit around the nucleus

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8
Q

A proton’s charge

A

Positive

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9
Q

A neutron’s charge

A

None / Neutral

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10
Q

An electron’s charge

A

Negative

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11
Q

Elements are arranged on what and according to what?

A

On the periodic table

According to their atomic number

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12
Q

The atomic number

A

The number of protons located in the nucleus of a particular atom

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13
Q

How can you tell the number of electrons from the neutral

A

A single atom of an element has a neutral charge, the atomic number can also tell us the number of electrons present in the orbitals or shells of the atoms

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14
Q

The number of electrons will determine what?

A

How the element interacts of forms bonds with other elements

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15
Q

Mass number

A

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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16
Q

The number of neutrons of an element varying causes

A

Isotopes

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17
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The average mass of all the isotopes of a certain type

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18
Q

Atoms want what in their outer most shell to become stable and happy :D

A

The maximum number of electrons

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19
Q

What do atoms do to stay/become stable

A

They form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons with other bonds

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20
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When atoms can obtain a stable number of electrons by giving up or gaining forming compounds

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21
Q

What forms when ionic bonds separate

A

Charged atoms called ions are formed

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22
Q

Covalent bonds form when

A

2 or more elements share electrons to become stable

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23
Q

Molecule

A

Stable compound formed by covalent bonding

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24
Q

Ionic vs. Covalent

A

Ionic bonds form between elements on opposite sides of the Periodic table
Covalent bonds form between elements on the same side of the Periodic Chart or between 2 atoms of the same element

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25
Q

Electron Dot Diagram

A

Uses dots to represent the filing of shells and th exchange or sharing of electrons

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26
Q

Polarity

A

One side of a molecule having a slight charge ans ones side having a slight negative charge

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27
Q

What causes polarity

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

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28
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds between polar molecules caused by Hydrogen slight positive charge

29
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between like substances

EX: Surface tension - water molecules stick together

30
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction between unlike substances

EX: “sweat” on a glass

31
Q

Capillary Action

A

Combination of cohesion and adhesion

EX: liquid in a straw

32
Q

pH

A

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance by measuring the amount of H+ ions present

33
Q

pH scale

A

Lists on order of acid to base in relation to neutral

34
Q

7 on the pH scale is

A

Neutral

35
Q

Closer to 14 on the pH scale

A

The stronger the base

36
Q

Closer to 0 on the pH scale

A

The stronger the acid

37
Q

Bases will neutralize

A

Acids and vise versa

38
Q

The pH of a solution greatly affects what

A

What physical reactions can take place within the solution

39
Q

Characteristics of acids

A

Taste sour, burn skin

40
Q

Characteristics of bases

A

Taste bitter, feel slippery

41
Q

Organic Molecules

A
  • Usually associated with living things
  • Always contain Carbon and Hydrogen
  • “large” macromolecules made from 1,000’s of atoms
  • Always have Covalent Bonds
42
Q

4 main categories of “organic” molecules that make up our bodies

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
43
Q

Proteins

A

Molecules composed of amino acids

44
Q

Types of proteins

A
  • Structural proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Receptor
  • Antibodies
  • Hormones
45
Q

Structural Proteins (of the body)

A

Construct or organs (hair, skin, muscles, stomach)

46
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions

47
Q

Receptors

A

Recognize other cells

48
Q

Antibodies

A

Recognize and destroy foreign materials in the body

49
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system

50
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide quick energy for our cells

51
Q

The 3 types of Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Polysaccharide
52
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar

  • Glucose - cellular fuel
  • Fructose - fruit sugar
  • Galatose - milk sugar
53
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugar

-Sucrose - table sugar = glucose + fructose

54
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Three or more sugars

  • Glycogen - 100’s of sugars stored in liver of animals
  • Starch - 100’s of sugars stored in cells of plants
55
Q

Lipids

A
  • Non-polar, C-H-O molecules that are insoluble in water
  • Store large amounts of energy in the bonds between atoms
  • Composed of 1 Glycerol molecule (back bone) and 3 Fatty Acids (tails)
56
Q

3 Types of Lipids

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
57
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats and oils that provide large amounts of energy in their bonds

58
Q

Phospholipids

A

Make cell membranes

59
Q

Steroids

A

Complex lipids varied functions such as cholesterol, adrenaline, estrogen, ect

60
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Molecules of DNA and RNA that encode our genetic information

61
Q

Nucleic Acids are composed of

A

Nucleotides

62
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • 5 Carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogen bases : Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine ( or Uracil in RNA)
63
Q

This makes the outer “ladder” of the Double Helix

A

The 5 carbon sugar alternating with the phosphate group

64
Q

The nitrogen bases form the

A

“Rungs” of the ladder (of the double helix)

65
Q

Bases are always paired to a

A

Specific partner

66
Q

Adenine to

A

Thymine

67
Q

Guanine to

A

Cytosine

68
Q

Each sequence of 3 base pairs encodes for

A

Amino acids (triple codon sequence)

69
Q

Chromosome

A

2 identical strands of DNA that encode for the same traits (eye color, hair color, height)

CTC Bio 1107 (49 decks)

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