Chapter 16 : Respiratory System and Functions (part 2) Flashcards
Trachea Structure
Flexible tube that extends downward front of the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Trachea Function
Take air to the bronchi and expel air out through the larynx
Trachea is lined with
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial (mucous) membrane
Trachea has what rings
20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage keep the trachea from collapsing
Bronchial Tree Structure
Branched airways leading from the trachea into microscopic air sacs of the lungs
Primary bronchi (p) (Bronchus (s)) Structure
Two main branches of the trachea located at the 5th vertebra
Alveoli Structure
Microscopic, simple squamous epithealial air sacs lined with capillaries (give lungs large surface area)
Surfactant
Lipid and protein mixture that lines the alveoli and prevents collapse of the alveoli due to hydrogen bonding form the watery respiratory environment
The Bronchial Tree in descending order
Primary Bronchi Left and right Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli Capillaries
Lungs Structure
Soft, spongy, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity separated by the mediastinum and bordered by the diaphragm.
Lined by the visceral pleural membranes
The how many lobes of the lungs are there
Right lung - 3 lobes
Left lung - 2 lobes
Lungs Function
Ventilation and respiration (gas exchange)
Respiratory membrane
Squamous epithelial tissue of alveoli wall and the epithelial walls of capillary bed fused together
Partial Pressure
Pressure exerted by each gas in the mixture of air
(Simple) Diffusion
Molecules move from areas of High Partial Pressure to areas of Low partial pressure
Breathing Mechanisms through the Medulla Oblongata and Pons
Medulla Oblongata and pons send messages to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract
This causes the thoracic cavity to expand (increases in size)
Inspiration
Muscles relax and elastic recoil causes the thoracic cavity to return to resting position
Expiration
Inspiration
Process of inhalation or breathing in
Expiration
Process of exhalation or breathing out
Spirometry
Measurement of the volumes of air moved during different intensities of breathing
Tidal Volume
Volume of air moved during one respiratory cycle at rest (average 500 mL)
Inspiratory Volume
Extra volume that can be forced INTO the lungs (Max 3000 mL)
Expiratory Volume
Extra volume that can be forced OUT of the lungs (max 1.100 mL)
Residual Volume
Air that remains in the lungs after forceful expiration (average 1.200 mL)
Respiratory Capacities
Combining two or more volumes
Vital Capacity
Inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and tidal volume (average 4.600 mL)
Total Lung Capacity
Vital capacity + residual volume (average 5,800 mL but varies depending on age, sex, overall health, and body size)
