Chapter 1 Flashcards
Biology
The study of life
Anatomy
The study of the shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another.
Physiology
Study of the functions of each body part including the chemical reactions that occur and how they coordinate to form a living organism
What are the levels of organisation from smallest to largest?
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organism Cell Tissue Organ System Organism (AM MOC TOSO)
Atom
Smallest component of all matter
Molecule
More than 1 atom chemically joined together
Macromolecule
More than 100-1000s of atoms or molecules joined together
Organelle
Macromolecules working together to form the functional unit of of a cell
Organelle AKA
“little organ” or “cell organ”
Cell
Functional unit of life; groups of organelles working together
Tissue
Many cells of similar size, shape, and function working together
Organ
A group of tissues working together for a common function(s)
System
A group of organs working together for a common function(s)
Organism
A group of organ systems working together to sustain life
What are the 10 organ systems?
(MURCI + NERDS)
Muscular Urinary Respiratory Circulatory Integumentary Nervous Endorine Reproductive Digestive Skeletal (Optional #11: Lymphatic)
Muscular System
-function and organs
Function: Movement
Organs: Muscles
Urinary System
-function and organs
Function: Removal of wastes and electrolyte (salt) balance
Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Respiratory System
-function and organs
Function: Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide ( process called respiration)
Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
-function and organs
Function: Transports substances throughout the internal body
Organs: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
Integumentary System
-function and organs
Function: Protection and homeostasis
Organs : Skin
Nervous System
-function and organs
Function: Communication between body systems
Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nervous, and sense organs
Endocrine System
- AKA
- function and organs
AKA: “middle man”
Function: Secretes proper hormones based on information received from the brain to maintain homeostasis and life processes such as hunger
Organs: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland
Reproductive System
-function and organs (male and female)
Function: Producing offspring
Male organs: Scrotum, testes, epididymus, vas deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra
Female organs: ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Digestive System
-function and organs
Function: Breakdown and absorb nutrients as well as remove waste
Organs: Mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus, salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small/large intestines
Skeletal System
-function and organs
Functions: Support, movement, protection
Organs: bones
Lymphatic System
-function and organs
Functions: Blood filtering and immune defense
Organs: White blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, lymph tissues
* often lumped together with cardiovascular
What are the characteristics of life?
Responsiveness Respiration Reproduction Growth Absorption Assimilation Movement Excretion Digestion Circulation
Responsiveness
Sense changes in environment and respond to stimuli
- Nervous System
Reproduction
Create offspring
- Reproductive System
Respiration
Using oxygen (or other elements) to produce energy from food -Respiratory System
Growth
Increase in size (or production of new cells)
-All systems, but controlled by the Endocrine System)
Absorption
Passage of substances into an organism by a membrane
-Digestive System and Integumentary System
Assimilation
Chemically altering substances that enter the body
-All systems ( mainly Digestive)
Movement
Self-limited change in position
-Muscular and Skeletal Systems
Excretion
Elimination of waste products
-Urinary, digestive, respiratory, and integumentary systems
Digestion
Break down of food for energy
- Digestive system
Circulation
Movement of substances throughout the body
-Cardiovascular System
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable, constant internal environment
What do organ systems do?
they work together to maintain constant conditions that allow for survival
Ventral Cavity
Entire front cavity including thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal and pelvic cavities referred together
Abdominal Cavity
Cavity between diaphragm and hips
-stomach, liver, gallbladder, small intestines, parts of the large intestine, spleen, pancreas
Pelvic Cavity
Area between hips
-reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum and parts of large intestine
What are the body cavities
Cranial Dorsal Vertebral Thoracic Ventral Abdominalpelvic Abdominal Pelvic
The 4 Main Quadrants of Abdominopelvic
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant ( LLQ)
Thoracic Cavity
Space between shoulders and diaphram
Pleural Cavities
Either side of thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
-and organs
Center of thoracic cavity
-esophagus, trachea, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus glands
Pericardial cavity
- organs
Center of mediastinum
-heart
Dorsal cavity
-contains
Entire back cavity; contains cranial and spinal ( vertebral) cavity / canal, follows the bones of the back
-spinal cord
Cranial cavity
- contains
created by the bones of the skull
- brain
What are the 9 regions of the Abdominopelvic cavity
Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left h. Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac
Right Hypochondriac Region
-Location and Organs
Location- upper right side
Organs- mainly liver and gallbladder and portion of transverse colon
Left Hypochondriac Region
-Location and Organs
Location- upper left side
Organs- portion of stomach and transverse colon, spleen
Epigastric Region
-Location and Organs
Location- upper center
Organs- Heart, portion of stomach, liver, portion of transverse colon
Right Lumbar Region
-Location and Organs
Location - middle right side
Organs- ascending colon, small intestines
Left Lumbar Region
-Location and Organs
Location - middle left side
Organs - descending colon, small intestines
Umbilical Region
-Location and Organs
Location - middle, middle (belly button)
Organs - small intestines
Right Iliac Region
-Location and Organs
Location - bottom right (by hip)
Organs - ascending colon, vermiform appendix
Left Iliac Region
-Location and Organs
Location - bottom left (by hip)
Organs - descending colon, rectum
Hypogastric Region
- Location and Organs
Location - bottom middle
Organs - reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and small intestines
Anatomical Position
The body is standing facing forward, with arms to the sides, and palms forward (thumbs out)
What are the body planes?
Sagittal Transverse Coronal Anterior Posterior Cranial Caudal Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep (inside)
Sagittal (median) plane
Separates right from left
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Separates top from bottom
Coronal (frontal) plane
Separates front from back
Anterior (ventral)
Front or in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
back or in back of
Cranial
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the tail
Superior
Above or upper
Inferior
Below or under
Medial
Toward the middle
Lateral
Away from the middle
Proximal
Closer to the trunk of the body (used to compare two parts on the arms or the legs)
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body ( used to compare two parts on the arms or the legs)
Superficial (external)
Near the surface
Deep (internal)
Inside the body
What are the types of serous membranes?
Parietal
Visceral
Serous Fluid
Parietal Membranes
Lines the cavity wall
Visceral Membranes
Attach to the surface of organs
Serous Fluid
Watery fluid that bathes most organs
- generally fills in any space between a visceral and parietal membrane
What are the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes?
Pericardium - Parietal Pericardium - Visceral Pericardium Plura - Parietal Pleura - Visceral Pleura Peritoneal - Peritoneal Peritoneum -Visceral Peritoneum
Pericardium
Membrane around the heart
Parietal Pericardium
Membrane lining the pericardial cavity wall
Visceral Pericardium
Membrane attached to the heart wall
Pericardial Space
Potential space between Parietal / Visceral membranes filled with serous fluid
Pleura
Membranes in the thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
Membrane lining the pleura cavity wall
Visceral Pleura
Membrane attached to the lung(s) wall
Pleura Space
Potential space between parietal/visceral membranes filled with serous fluid
Peritoneal
Membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity
Perietal Peritoneum
Membrane lining the cavity wall
Visceral Peritoneum
Membrane attached to the abdominopelvic organ walls
Peritoneal Space
Potential space between v/p membranes filled with serous fluid
