CH 7 Flashcards
Axial skeleton
1
Q
Articular surfaces
A
- Condyle
- Facet
- Head
- Trochlea
2
Q
Process
A
Anything that sticks out
Can be flat, etc.
3
Q
Condyle
A
Round process that forms joint
Large, smooth, round, ovalular
4
Q
Facet
A
Small, flat, shallow, articulating surface
5
Q
Head
A
Round part that joins joint
Prominent, rounded epiphysis
6
Q
Trochlea
A
Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process
7
Q
Depressions
A
- Alveolus
- Fossa
- Sulcus
8
Q
Alveolus/ alveoli
A
Deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
9
Q
Fossa/ fossae
A
Flattened or shallow depression
10
Q
Sulcus
A
Narrow groove
11
Q
Openings and spaces
A
- Canal
- Fissure
- Foramen
- Sinus
12
Q
Canal/ meatus
A
Passageway through a bone (tunnel)
13
Q
Fissure
A
Narrow, slitlike opening through a bone
14
Q
Foramen/ foramina
A
Rounded passageway through bone (hole)
15
Q
What travels through foramina?
A
Supply of blood vessels and nerves
16
Q
Sinus
A
Cavity or hollow space in bone
17
Q
Projections for tendon and ligament attachment
A
- Crest
- Epicondyle
- Line
- Process
- Ramus
- Spine
- Trochanter
- Tubercle
- Tuberosity
18
Q
Crest
A
Narrow, prominent ridgelike projection
19
Q
Epicondyle
A
Projection adjacent to a condyle
20
Q
Line
A
Low ridge
21
Q
Process
A
Any marked bony prominence (anything that sticks out)
Can be flat, etc.
22
Q
Ramus/ rami
A
Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
23
Q
Spine
A
Pointed, slender process
24
Q
Trochanter
A
Massive, rough projection found only on the femur
25
Tubercle
Small, rounded projection
26
Tuberosity
Large, rough projection
27
Number of bones in a human skeleton
206
28
2 categories of a skeleton
- Axial
- Appendicular
29
Axial
Head, neck, trunk
30
Appendicular
Appendages, extremities
31
Number of bones in the axial skeleton
80
32
Components of the axial skeleton
- Skull
- Skull associated bones
- Vertebral column
- Thoracic cage
33
Number of bones in the skull
22
8 cranial
14 facial
34
Number of skull related bones
7
Auditory ossicles: malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2)
Hyoid (1)
35
Number of bones in the vertebral column
26
24 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
36
Number of bones in the thoracic cage
25
24 ribs, 1 sternum
37
Categories of the skull bones
- Facial
- Cranial
38
Number of facial bones
14
39
Number of cranial bones
8
40
Cranial bones
- Frontal (1)
- Parietal (2)
- Temporal (2)
- Occipital (1)
- Sphenoid (1)
- Ethmoid (1)
41
Frontal bone parts
- Supraorbital margin
- Frontal sinus
- Orbital plate
- Glabella
42
The frontal bone forms the ___________
forehead, calvaria, roof of orbits
43
Calvaria
AKA skull cap
Uppermost portion of the skull
44
Orbits
Eye sockets, bony cavities that hold and protect the eyes
45
Glabella
In between the orbits, superior to the nasal bones
46
Supraorbital margin
Forms the protective superior border of orbit
47
Orbital part/plate
Forms roof of the orbit
48
Lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice
Frontal sinuses
49
- Squamous portion
- Petrous portion
- Mastoid process
- Styloid process
- Stylomastoid foramen
- Zygomatic process
- External auditory meatus
- Mandibular fossa
- Internal acoustic meatus
- Carotid canal
Temporal bones
50
Temporal bones
Form inferior lateral wall and part of cranial floor
51
Squamous part/portion
Attachment site for scalp muscles
52
Petrous portion
Protects sensory structures in the inner ear
53
Mastoid process
Attachment site for some neck muscles to extend or rotate the head
54
Styloid process
Attachment site for hyoid bone ligaments and muscles
55
Stylomastoid foramen
Lies between the mastoid process and styloid process
56
Zygomatic processes
Articulates with the zygomatic bones to form the zygomatic arch
57
External auditory meatus
External auditory canal (think outer ear hole, really more of a tunnel)
58
Mandibular fossa
Articulates with the mandible inferior to the base of the zygomatic processes
59
Internal acoustic/auditory meatus/canal
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves to and from the inner ear
60
Carotid canal
Transmits the inner carotid artery; medial to styloid process
(think inner ear hole that has the carotid artery)
61
Occipital bone parts
- Occipital condyle
- Foramen magnum
- Hypoglossal canal
- External occipital protuberance
62
Occipital bone
Forms posterior portion of the skull
63
Occipital condyle
Smooth knobs that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)
64
Foramen magnum
Large, circular opening where the spinal cord passes through
65
Hypoglossal canal
Canal where the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) extends to supply the tongue muscles
66
External occipital protuberance
Attachment of muscles that move the head
67
Sphenoid bone
Butterfly shaped bone
68
The sphenoid bone is AKA as ___________. Why?
Bridging bone, keystone of the skull; unites cranial and facial bones and articulates it with almost every other bone of the skull
69
- Foramen rotundum
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
- Body
- Greater wings
- Lesser wings
- Sella turcica/ Turk's saddle
- Sphenoid sinus
- Pterygoid process
- Optic foramen/ canal
Sphenoid bone
70
Foramen of Turk's Saddle in order (superior to inferior)
Foramen rotundum (round)
Foramen ovale (oval)
Foramen spinosum (small)
71
Body
Thick, medial part of the sphenoid that houses sphenoid sinuses
72
Greater wings
Forms part of the middle cranial fossa and orbit
73
Lesser wings
Forms part of the anterior cranial fossa, contains optic canal
74
Optic foramen/canal
Houses the optic nerve (CN II)
75
Sella turcica/ Turk's saddle
Houses pituitary gland
76
Sphenoid sinus
Moistened inhaled air, give resonance to voice
77
Pterygoid process
Vertical processes that begin the boundary between greater and lesser wings
78
Ethmoid bone parts
- Horizontal/ cribriform plate
- Crista galli
- Olfactory formina (cribriform formina)
- Lateral masses (ethmoidal labyrinths)
-Ethmoidal sinuses/ air cells
- Superior and middle nasal concha
- Perpendicular plate
79
Ethmoid bone
Irregularly shaped bone located between the orbits
80
Horizontal/ cribriform plate
Transmits olfactory nerves
81
Crista galli
Attachment site for cranial dural septa to help stabilize the brain in the skull, superior midsagittal elevation of the ethmoid bone
Bony crest that is the point of attachment for the falx celbri, a membranous sheet that helps stabilize the brain
82
Olfactory foramina/ cribriform formina
Perforations of the cribriform/ horizontal plate
83
Lateral masses (ethmoidal labyrinth)
Contain ethmoidal sinuses and nasal conchae
84
Ethmoid sinuses/ air cells
Lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice
85
Superior and middle nasal conchae
Thin "scroll-like" bones that partially compose ethmoidal labyrinths
Increase airflow turbulence in nasal cavity so air is adequately moistened and cleaned by nasal mucosa
86
Perpendicular plate
Forms the superior part of the nasal septum
87
Parietal bone
Forms the lateral wall and roof of the cranium
88
Facial bones
- Nasal bones (2)
- Maxillary bones/ maxillae (2)
- Lacrimal bones (2)
- Zygomatic bones (2)
- Palatine bones (2)
- Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- Vomer (1)
- Mandible (1)
89
Nasal bones
Form the bridge of the nose
90
Maxillae
Form the upper jaw and anterior 2/3 of the hard palate
91
Maxillae components
- Alveolar margin/ process
- Maxillary sinus
- Palatine process
92
Alveolar margin/process
House the upper teeth, covers the alveoli and roots of the teeth and medially in the mandible
93
Maxillary sinus
Large, spacious cavity that lightens bone
94
Palatine process
Medial extension of maxillae that forms most of the hard palate (boney)
95
Palatine bone
Distinctly L-shaped bones that form part of the hard palate, nasal cavity, and eye orbit
96
____________ of the palatine bone forms the posterior part of the hard palate
Horizontal plate
97
Lacrimal bones
Small paired bones that form the medial wall of each orbit
98
Zygomatic bone
Cheekbones
99
Inferior nasal conchae
Curved bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Create turbulence in inhaled air
100
Vomer
Triangle shaped bone that forms inferior and posterior parts of the nasal septum
101
Mandible
Lower jaw, supports inferior teeth and provide attachment for muscles of mastication
102
Mandible parts
- Body
- Ramus
- Condyle
- Alveolar process
- Mandibular foramen
- Mental foramen
- Coronoid process
- Angle
- Mandibular notch
103
Body of the mandible is horizontal/vertical
Horizontal
104
Ramus/ rami
Vertical to oblique ascending posterior regions of the mandible
105
Mandibular condyle/ condylar process of the mandible
Head of the mandible, posterior projection of each ramus that articulates with the temporal bone
106
Mandibular foramen
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves that innervate the inferior teeth
107
Mental foramen
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves that innervate each side of the chin
108
Coronoid process
Insertion point for the temporalis muscle that closes the mouth
109
Angle
Corner where the ramus insects the mandible body
110
Mandibular notch
U-shaped depression between the condylar process and coronoid process
111
Nasal septum is formed by what?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and vomer
112
Hard palate
Roof of the mouth
Palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone
113
Sultural bones are AKA as ___________
wormian bones
114
Sultural/ wormian bones
Extra bones that are variable from person to person
Formed by occipital and parietal bones
115
Nasal conchae
Inside nasal cavities
AKA turbonates
Create turbonal air flow
Separate facial bone
116
Suture
Immovable joints between skull bones
117
4 major sutures
- Lambdoid
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Squamous
118
Coronal suture
Immovable joints between the frontal and parietal bones
119
Lambdoid suture
Immovable joints between the occipital and parietal bones
120
Sagittal suture
Immovable joints between the parietal bones
121
Squamous suture
Immovable joints between the temporal and parietal bones
122
Paranasal sinuses
Air filled spaces lined with respiratory ET (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
123
Functions of paranasal sinuses
- Give resonance to voice
- Lighten the skull
124
How many bones have sinuses? What are they?
4
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
125
The orbit is formed by ______ bones
7
126
In addition to bone, what do the orbits contain?
Muscles that move the eye
127
Parts of the orbit
- Roof
- Floor
- Lateral wall
- Medial wall
128
Bones that compose the roof of the orbit
- Lesser wing of the sphenoid
- Orbital part of the frontal
129
Bones that compose the lateral wall of the orbit
- Greater wing of the sphenoid bone
- Zygomatic process of the frontal bone
- Orbital surface of the zygomatic bone
130
Bones that compose the medial wall of the orbit
- Frontal process of the maxilla
- Lacrimal bone
- Orbital plate of the ethmoid bone
131
Bones that compose the floor of the orbit
- Orbital process of the palatine bone
- Orbital surface of the maxilla
- Zygomatic bone
132
7 bones that compose the orbit
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Lacrimal
- Zygomatic
- Palatine
- Maxilla
133
Bones associated with the skull
- Hyoid
- Ear ossicles
134
Ear ossicles
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
135
Hyoid
Muscle and ligament attachment that doesn't articulate with other bones
136
Location of the hyoid
Inferior to the mandible
137
Parts of the hyoid
- Body
- Greater cornu
- Lesser cornu
138
Fontanelles
Allow for the compression of the skull during childbirth
Allows for growth of skull and the brain
139
4 major fontanelles
- Anterior/frontal
- Anterolateral/sphenoid
- Posterolateral/mastoid
- Posterior/ occipital
140
Vertebral column
Composed of 26 vertebrae, 2 of which are fused segments
141
3 regions of the 24 individual vertebrae
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
142
2 fused vertebrae
Sacrum (5 segments) and coccyx (4 segments)
143
Parts of a typical vertebra
- Body
- Spinous process
- Transverse process
- Superior and inferior articular facet
- Lamina
- Pedicle
- Intervertebral foramen (in between vertebrae)
144
C1 is AKA
atlas
144
C1 articulates with _________
condyles of the occipital bone
145
Only vertebrae that lacks a body
C1
146
C2 is AKA
axis
147
C2 defining feature
Odontoid process or dens that acts as an axis of rotation
148
Parts of sacrum
- Sacral canal
- Sacrum hiatus
- Dorsal and ventral sacral foramina
- Median sacral crest
- Body
- Promontory
- Superior articular facets
- Auricular surfaces
149
Types of curvature
Primary
Secondary
150
Primary curvature
Born with when in fetal position
e.g. thoracic, sacral
151
Secondary/ acquired curvature
Not born with
e.g. cervical, lumbar
152
4 normal vertebral curvature
- Cervical
- Lumbar
- Thoracic
- Sacral
153
Ribs
True ribs/ vertebrosternal (1-7) - attach directly to sternum
False ribs (8-12): vertebrochondral (8-10) (attach indirectly to sternum), floating ribs/ vertebral (11-12) (do not attach to sternum)
154
Sternum is comprised of what 3 parts that fuse at approximately 40 years of age
- Manubrium
- Body/ Gladiolus
- Xiphoid process
155
Sternal angle is AKA as
Angle of Louis
156
Jugular notch is AKA as
Suprasternal notch
157
T or F: Men and women all have 12 pairs of ribs
True
158
All ribs articulate posteriorly with ______ vertebrae
thoracic
Articulates at the costal facet
159
Rib structure
- Tubercle
- Shaft
- Head
- Neck
-Angle
160
Nare
Nostril
161
Choana/ internal/ posterior nare
Opening into the nasal cavity
162
Zygomatic arch is formed by what bones?
Zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone
163
Temporal lines (superior and inferior)
Lines on the parietal bone and squamous part of the frontal bone
164
Jugular foramen
Between temporal and occipital bone
165
Foramen lacerum
Between petrous part of the temporal bone, sphenoid, and occipital bone
