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ANATOMY > CH 15 > Flashcards

CH 15 Flashcards

Brain

1
Q

Organization of nervous tissue in CNS

A
  • Nucleus
  • Tract
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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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3
Q

Tract

A

Group of axons traveling together in the CNS

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4
Q

Types of tracts

A
  • Commissural
  • Association
  • Projection
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5
Q

Commissural

A

Tract where axons cross midline

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6
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest (commisural) tract

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7
Q

Association

A

Tract where axons do not cross the midline

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8
Q

Projection

A

Tract where axons travel vertically

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9
Q

Types of projections

A
  • Ascending (sensory)
  • Descending (motor)
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10
Q

Organization of nervous tissue in PNS

A
  • Ganglion
  • Nerve
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11
Q

Ganglion/ ganglia

A

Group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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12
Q

Nerve

A

Group of axons traveling together in the PNS

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13
Q

Which nerve is the largest?

A

Sciatic

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14
Q

Gray matter

A
  • Unmyelinated axons
  • Dendrites
  • Neuron cell bodies
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15
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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16
Q

Brain ventricles

A

Spaces inside tissue of brain; Cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the ___________ in each ventricle

A

choroid plexus

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18
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Composed of a layer of ependymal cells and capillaries (smallest blood vessels) that lie in the pia mater; produces CSF in all ventricles

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19
Q

How is CSF formed?

A

By leaked blood plasma across ependymal cells and capillaries

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20
Q

What are the brain ventricles?

A
  • Lateral
  • Third
  • Fourth
  • Cerebral
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21
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

In cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

The lateral ventricles are separated by the __________, a thin medial partition

A

septum pellucidum

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23
Q

Third ventricle

A

In the diencephalon

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24
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Between the pons and cerebellum

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25
Q

Cerebral ventricle

A

Connects third and fourth ventricles; located in midbrain

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26
Q

What is the smallest brain ventricle?

A

Fourth

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27
Q

Blood is colored ________ in diagrams despite being red in real life

Arteries are colored __________ in diagrams

A

blue, red

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28
Q

Diagram that shows a view through the structure

A

Phantom diagram

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29
Q

Horn

A

Projection of a ventricle that goes into the lobe of the cerebrum

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30
Q

Aperture

A

Holes in the fourth ventricle where the CSF leaves

Lateral and medial

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31
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes which surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

Layers of the meninges

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater

mater- mother

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33
Q

Dura mater

A

Meninge of the brain

Dense irregular CT

2 layers that wrap around the brain (1 wraps around the cord)

“Tough mother” - tough and fibrous

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34
Q

2 layers of the dura mater

A
  • Periosteal layer
  • Meningeal layer
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35
Q

Periosteal layer

A

Layer of the dura mater that is next to the periosteum of the skull

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36
Q

Meningeal layer

A

Layer of the dura mater that forms 3 septa between parts of the brain

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37
Q

Septa

A

Plural for septum

Flat partition separating 2 chambers

In terms of the brain’s dura mater, these are membranous partitions that separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain

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38
Q

3 cranial dura septa

A
  • Falx cerebri
  • Falx cerebelli
  • Tentorium cerebelli
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39
Q

Falx

A

Sickle shaped

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40
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Between cerebral hemispheres

Largest cranial dura septa

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41
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Between cerebellar hemispheres

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42
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Between cerebrum and cerebellum

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43
Q

Dural venous sinus

A

Large blood filled spaces between 2 layers of dura mater

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44
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A

Dural venous sinus where CSF resorbs into blood

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45
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Thin delicate tissue that is external to the pia mater

Composed of collagen and elastic fibers

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46
Q

The arachnoid mater forms ________ that extends into superior sagittal sinus

A

arachnoid villi

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47
Q

Pia mater

A

“Tender mother”

Areolar loose CT

Fused to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Innermost brain meninge

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48
Q

Spaces between the meninges

A
  • Epidural
  • Subarachnoid
  • Subdural
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49
Q

Sub

A

Deep to

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50
Q

Potential space

A

Not an actual space but can be if filled with substance (e.g. blood or fluid under trauma) between layers

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51
Q

Epidural space

A

Potential space between the bones of the brain and dura mater that contains veins and arteries that nourish the meninges and bones of the cranium

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52
Q

Subdural space

A

Potential space between the arachnoid mater and overlying dura mater

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53
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Actual space immediately deep to the arachnoid mater

Between the arachnoid mater and underlying pia mater

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54
Q

Flow of CSF

A

1) CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles
2) CSF flows from third ventricle through cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
3) CSF in fourth ventricle flows into subarachnoid space by passing through paired apertures or single median aperture, and into the central canal of the spinal cord
4) As CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain
5) Excess CSF flows into the arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses. Pressure allows the CSF to be released into the blood without permitting any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space. Greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space ensures that the CSF moves into the venous sinuses

choroid plexus
lateral ventricles
interventricular foramina
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle
medial or lateral aperture
subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi
superior sagittal sinus

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55
Q

Interventricular foramina

A

Opening that allows communication of the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle

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56
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Narrow canal that passes through the midbrain and connects the third and fourth ventricles

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57
Q

Central canal

A

Merges with the fourth ventricle at the inferior end

Part of the spinal cord

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58
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Location of conscious thought processes and origin of intellectual functions
  • Contains a large number of neurons needed for complex analytical and integrative functions
  • 2 large superior hemispheres
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59
Q

List actions that the cerebrum is responsible for

A
  • Intelligence
  • Reasoning
  • Sensory perception
  • Thought
  • Memory
  • Judgement
  • Voluntary motor
  • Visual
  • Auditory
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60
Q

Fissure

A

Deep groove that separates gyri

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61
Q

Sulcus

A

Shallow groove that separates gyri

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62
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated ridges that the surface of the cerebrum folds into

Allows a greater amount of cortex to fit in the cranial cavity

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63
Q

Cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by a ________________ that extends along the __________ plane

A

Longitudinal fissure, midsagittal

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64
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

Half of the cerebrum

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65
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large, commissural tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Provides main communication link between the hemispheres

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66
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into _____ anatomically and functionally distinct ________

A

5, lobes

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67
Q

Lobes of the brain

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insula
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68
Q

All of the brain lobes are superficial except the ______

A

insula

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69
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Lies deep to the frontal bone
  • Forms the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere
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70
Q

What is the frontal lobe involved with?

A
  • Voluntary motor function
  • Concentration
  • Verbal communication
  • Decision making
  • Planning
  • Personality
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71
Q

Central sulcus

A

Deep groove that separates the posterior end of the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

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72
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Deep groove that separates the inferior end of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

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73
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Anatomic feature of the frontal lobe

Mass of nervous tissue immediately interior to the central sulcus

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74
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Forms superoposterior part of each hemisphere
  • Underlies parietal bone
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75
Q

What is the parietal lobe involved with?

A

General sensory function

Receives and interprets sensse of the body (except special senses)

e.g. evaluating shape and texture, touch, pressure

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76
Q

The parietal lobe terminates anteriorly with the _________, laterally at the _________, and posteriorly at the ______________

A

central sulcus, lateral sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus

77
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Mass of nervous tissue immediately posterior to the central sulcus

78
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Located inferior to the lateral sulcus
  • Underlying the temporal bone
79
Q

The temporal lobe is involved with ______ and ______

A

hearing, smell

80
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Located in the posterior region of each hemisphere
  • Underlying the occipital bone
  • Processes incoming visual information
  • Stores visual memories
81
Q

Insula

A
  • Deep to the lateral sulcus
  • Involved with memory and interpretation of taste
  • Also involved with empathy and emotional response, interoceptive awareness
82
Q

Categories of functional areas

A
  • Motor areas
  • Sensory areas
  • Association areas
83
Q

Motor areas

A

Control voluntary motor function

84
Q

Sensory areas

A

Provide conscious awareness of sensation

85
Q

Association areas

A

Stores memories of past sensory experiences

Recognizes sensory input

86
Q

Motor areas of the brain

A
  • Primary motor area (somatic motor area)
  • Motor speech area (Broca’s area)
87
Q

Primary motor area AKA somatic motor area

A
  • Located in precentral gyrus
  • Controls voluntary skeletal movement

Left primary motor cortex controls right side voluntary muscles and vice versa

88
Q

Somato

A

Refers to body

89
Q

Area is interchangeable with the term __________

A

cortex

90
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum

91
Q

Motor speech area AKA Broca’s area

A
  • Controls muscle movements necessary for vocalization
  • Located in most individuals within the inferolateral portion of the left frontal lobe
  • In left hemisphere only
92
Q

Sensory areas of the brain

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Primary gustatory cortex
  • Primary olfactory cortex
93
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Receives general somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, temperature receptors

94
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is located within the _________

A

postcentral gyrus

95
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Receives and processes incoming visual information

Located in occipital lobe

96
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Receives and processes auditory information

Located in temporal lobe

97
Q

Gustatory

A

Taste

98
Q

Primary gustatory cortex

A

Processes taste information

Located in insula

99
Q

Olfactory

A

Smell

100
Q

Primary olfactory complex

A

Provides conscious awareness of smell

Located in temporal medial lobe

101
Q

Association areas of the brain

A
  • Premotor cortex (somatic motor association area)
  • Somatosensory association area
  • Auditory association area
  • Visual association area
102
Q

Premotor cortex AKA somatic motor association area

A
  • Processes motor information and coordinates learned skilled motor activities
  • Located in frontal lobe immediately anterior to precentral gyrus
  • Memory of motor skills
103
Q

Somatosensory association areas

A
  • Integrates and interprets sensory information
  • Stores memories of sensory information
  • Located in parietal lobe immediately posterior to post central gyrus
104
Q

Auditory association area

A
  • Interprets characteristic sound
  • Stores memories of sound
  • Located within temporal lobe posteroinferior to the primary auditory cortex
105
Q

Visual association area

A
  • Processes visual information
  • Stores memory of visual images
  • Located in occipital lobe
106
Q

Wernicke area

A
  • Typically located only in left hemisphere where it overlaps parietal and temporal lobes
  • Involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language
  • Works with motor speech area for fluent communication
107
Q

Cerebral/ basal nuclei/ basal ganglia

A

Paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the white matter of the basal region of the inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle

Assists in coordinating skeletal muscle contraction

108
Q

Basal nuclei components

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Lentiform nucleus
109
Q

Caudate nucleus

A
  • C-shaped with enlarged head and slim, arched tail that parallels the swinging curve of the lateral ventricle
  • Neurons stimulate appropriate muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of arm and leg muscles associated with walking
110
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Compact, almost rounded mass composed of the putamen and globulus pallidus, masses of gray matter positioned between the insula and diencephalon

111
Q

Putamen

A

Controls muscular movement at a subconscious level

112
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Can excite or inhibit the anterior group of nuclei of the thalamus to regulate skeletal muscle tone

113
Q

White matter of cerebrum

A
  • Internal capsule
  • Corona radiata
114
Q

Internal capsule

A

Myelinated axons traveling between deep nuclei; Packed group of axons in projectile tracts passing to and from the cortex between cerebral nuclei

115
Q

Corona radiata

A

Myelinated axons radiating out to different parts of the cortex

116
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
117
Q

Epithalamus

A

Forms roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle

118
Q

The posterior portion of the epithalamus houses the _________

A

pineal gland

119
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes hormone melatonin

120
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone that regulates day-night cycles/ circadian rhythm

121
Q

The thalamus is nicknamed _________

A

sensory relay station

122
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Large group of nuclei in diencephalon
  • Receives, prioritizes, and sends all sensory information except smell to appropriate sensory cortex
123
Q

Interthalamic adhesion/ Intermediate mass

A

Mass of gray matter that connects right and left lobes

124
Q

What ventricle does the interthalamic adhesion travel through?

A

Third

125
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Anteroinferior region of diencephalon
  • Infundibulum
126
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

127
Q

Pituitary gland

A

AKA master gland

  • Sits in sella turcica in sphenoid bone
  • Secretes 9 different hormones
128
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A
  • Master controller of autonomic nervous system
  • Master controller of endocrine system

Controls:
- Body temperature
- Certain emotions
- Sex drive
- Thirst and hunger
- Metabolism
- Water and electrolyte balance

129
Q

Brain stem

A
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
130
Q

Mesencephalon/ midbrain

A

Superior portion of brain stem

131
Q

Mesencephalon/ midbrain components

A
  • Tectal plates/ corpora quadrigemina
  • Red nuclei
  • Substantia nigra
  • Cerebral penduncles
  • Cerebral aqueduct
132
Q

Tectal plates/ corpora quadrigemina

A

Nuclei that relay stations in processing pathways of visual and auditory sensations

133
Q

Components of tectal plates

A
  • Superior colliculi
  • Inferior colliculi
134
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Visual reflexes - visually track moving objects and control reflexes like turning eyes or head in response to visual stimuli

135
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Auditory reflexes - control turning of heads and eyes in unison as a response to an unexpected sound

136
Q

Red nuclei

A
  • Red color due to blood vessel density and iron pigmentation in neuronal cell bodies
  • Motor coordination
  • Integrates info from cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Issues involuntary motor commands to erector spinae to maintain posture while standing, bending at waist, or walking
137
Q

Substantia nigra

A
  • Motor coordination
  • Black color due to melanin pigmentation
  • Produces neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects brain processes that control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain
138
Q

Cerebral penduncles

A

Projection motor tracts traveling through the midbrain

139
Q

Superior cerebellar penduncle

A
  • Connects cerebellum and midbrain
  • Carries corrective feedback from cerebellum to motor cortex of cerebrum (via brainstem)
140
Q

Pons

A
  • Anterior bulge between the midbrain and medulla
  • Composed of middle cerebellar peduncle and respiratory center
141
Q

Middle cerebellar penduncle

A

Commissural motor tract that connects the pons to the cerebellum

Travels through pons

Carries motor plan from motor cortex to cerebellum

142
Q

Respiratory center

A

Autonomic structure that regulates skeletal muscles of breathing and thus respiratory rate

  • Pontine respiratory center (in pons)
  • Medullary respiratory center
143
Q

Medulla oblongata/ Medulla

A

Most inferior part of brainstem; Continuous with spinal cord

144
Q

Inferior cerebellar penduncle

A

Connects the cerebellum to the medulla

Carries sensory feedback (proprioception) from body to cerebellum

145
Q

Components of the medulla

A
  • Cardiovascular center
  • Respiratory center
  • Pyramids
  • Olives
  • 4th ventricle
146
Q

Cardiovascular center

A

Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

147
Q

Autonomic reflexes regulated by medulla

A
  • Respiration
  • Contraction
  • Swallowing
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Vomiting

Each has own nucleus

148
Q

Pyramids

A

Longitudinal ridges on the medulla that house motor projection tracts

149
Q

Olives

A

Bulges lateral to the pyramids, contain the inferior olivary nucleus

150
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus

A

Large fold of gray matter that relays important sensory information and proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

151
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Most important part of the brain for motor coordination and balance
  • Muscle memory
  • Adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain posture
  • Receives proprioceptive (sensory) information from muscles and joints to regulate body position and sends it to the cerebrum
152
Q

Components of the cerebellum

A
  • Vermis
  • Folia
  • Arbor vitae
  • Cerebellar penduncles
153
Q

Vermis

A

Narrow band of cortex along the midline that connects the left and right cerebellar hemispheres

154
Q

Folia

A

Folds on the surface that increase SA of the cerebellar cortex

155
Q

Arbor vitae

A

White matter of cerebellum

156
Q

Cerebellar penducles

A
  • Superior, middle, inferior
  • Connects brain and spinal cord
157
Q

Voluntary movements

A

Primary motor cortex and basal nuclei in forebrain send impulses through the nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum

158
Q

Assessment of voluntary movements

A

Proprioceptors in skeletal muscles and joints report degree of movement to the cerebellum

159
Q

Integration and analysis of voluntary movement

A

Cerebellum compares planned movements (motor signals) against results of actual movements (sensory signals)

160
Q

Corrective feedback of voluntary movement

A

Cerebellum sends impulses through the thalamus to the primary motor cortex and to motor nuclei in brainstem

161
Q

Limbic system

A
  • Group of nuclei and tracts located on medial border of cerebrum and diencephalon
  • Responsible for experience of various emotions - processing and experiencing
  • Involved with motivation, emotion, memory
  • Affects memory formation by integrating past memories of physical sensations with emotional states
162
Q

Components of limbic system

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Fornix
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala/ amygdaloid nucleus
  • Olfactory bulbs and tracts
  • Mamillary bodies
163
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A
  • Only seen in sagittal cut
  • Internal mass of cerebral cortex located within longitudinal fissure and superior to corpus callosum
  • Surrounds diencephalon
  • Receives input from other parts of limbic system
  • Focuses attention on emotionally significant events and bring them to consciousness
164
Q

Fornix

A

Thin tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus and other limbic structures

165
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Nucleus that connects the diencephalon to the fornix
  • Seahorse shaped
  • Stores memory, forms long term memory
  • Site of neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) for many animals
166
Q

Mamillary body

A

Interconnect other parts of the limbic system, contribute to overall function

167
Q

Amygdala/ amygdaloid nucleus/ amygdaloid body

A
  • Connected to the hippocampus
  • Involved with emotions, especially fear
  • Stores and codes memories based on how a person perceives them (i.e. related to fear, extreme happiness or sadness)
168
Q

Olfactory bulbs and tracts

A

Involved with smell

Particular odors can provoke certain emotions or be associated with certain memories

169
Q

Reticular formation (RF)

A

Group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem

Gray matter projecting vertically through core of brain

170
Q

Reticular formation components

A
  • Reticular activating system (RAS)
  • Reticulospinal tracts
171
Q

The motor component of the reticular formation communicates with the ________ and is responsible for regulating ____________

A

spinal cord, muscle tone (especially when muscles are at rest)

Muscle tone is tension or resistance to movement

Also assists in autonomic motor functions like respiration, blood pressure, heart rate

172
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A
  • Sensory component of the reticular formation
  • Ascending tracts from RF to cerebral cortex
  • Contains sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex
  • Processes auditory, visual, and touch stimuli to keep us mentally alert
173
Q

Reticulospinal tracts

A
  • Descending tracts from RF to spinal cord
  • Maintain muscle tone
174
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of sensation, voluntary control of motor activities, and activities necessary for higher mental processing

175
Q

Alertness

A

Highest state of consciousness and cortical activity

Involves responsiveness, awareness of self, and well-orientated to person, place, and time

176
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs
  • Numbered by roman numerals according to position (I is most anterior)
  • Names generally related to function
177
Q

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

A
  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Sensory
  • Conducts olfactory (smell) sensations to the brain
  • Only type of nerve tissue to regenerate
178
Q

Optic nerve (CN II)

A
  • Vision
  • Sensory
  • Special sensory nerve of vision that is an outgrowth of the brain
  • More appropriately called a brain tract
179
Q

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A

Innervates upper eyelid muscle and four of six extrinsic eye muscles

Somatic motor:
- Supplies four extrinsic eye muscles to move eye (superior, medial, and inferior rectus, inferior oblique)
- Supplies levator palpabrae superioris to elevate eye

Parasympathetic/Autonomic motor:
- Innervates sphincter pupillae muscle in eye to make pupil constrict
- Contracts ciliary muscle to make lens of eye more rounded

180
Q

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

A

Innervates one extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique)

Somatic motor:
- Innervates extrinsic, superior oblique eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament

181
Q

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

Receives sensory impulses from face, oral cavity, nasal cavity, anterior scalp; innervates muscles of mastication

Sensory:
- Touch, temperature, pain
- Opthalmic V1: conducts sensory impulses from cornea, nose, forehead, anterior scalp, meninges
- Maxillary V2: conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate, gums, meninges
- Mandibular V3: conducts sensory impulses from anterior two-third of tongue, meninges; skin of chin, lower jaw and teeth, one third from sensory axon of auricle of ear

Somatic motor:
- Innervates muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani muscle, tensor veli palatani

182
Q

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

A

Somatic motor:
- Innervates extrinsic lateral rectus muscle to abduct the eye

183
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Innervates muscles of facial expression, lacrimal (tear) gland, most salivary glands; conducts taste sensation from anterior two-third of tongue

Sensory:
- Taste from anterior 2/3rd of tongue

Somatic motor:
- 5 major motor branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical) innervate muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric\, stylohyoid, stapedius

Parasympathetic motor
- Increases secretions of lacrimal gland of eye and submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

184
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) AKA auditory or acoustic nerve

A

Sensory:
- Vestibular branch conducts impulses for equilibrium
- Cochlear branch conducts impulses for hearing

185
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

Receives taste and sensation from posterior third of tongue; innervates one pharynx muscle and parotid salivary

Sensory:
- Sensation and touch to posterior third of tongue and most of pharynx

Somatic motor:
- Innervates stylopharyngeus (pharynx) muscle

Parasympathetic motor:
- Increases secretion of parotid salivary gland

186
Q

Vagus nerve (CN X)

A

Innervates structures in the head and neck and in thoracic and abdominal cavities

Sensory:
- Visceral sensory information from heart, lungs, and most abdominal organs
- Sensory info from external acoustic meatus, ear drum, laryngopharynx, larynx

Somatic motor:
- Innervates most pharynx muscles and larynx muscle

Parasympathetic motor:
- Innervates visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands of heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, most abdominal organs

187
Q

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

A

Somatic motor:
- Innervates trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, some pharynx muscles

188
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

Somatic motor:
- Innervates extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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