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ANATOMY > CH 23 > Flashcards

CH 23 Flashcards

Vessels and circulation; Veins and arteries

1
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Consists of all blood vessels that extend to all body regions

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2
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Consists of blood vessels that take blood to and from the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange

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3
Q

Companion vessels

A

When an artery travels with a corresponding vein because they supply the same body region and tend to lie next to each other

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4
Q

Tunic

A

Layers of vein and artery wall

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5
Q

Tunics surround the ______

A

lumen: inside space of the vessel where blood flows

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6
Q

Tunics of blood vessels

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
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7
Q

Tunica intima aka tunica interna

A

Innermost layer of blood vessel

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8
Q

Components of tunica intima

A
  • Endothelium
  • Subendothelial layer
  • Internal elastic lamina*
  • not in veins
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9
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous ET that lines the blood vessel lumen

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10
Q

Subendothelial

A

Made of thin layer of areolar loose CT

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11
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A

Elastic CT typically only in arteries; separates the tunica intima and tunica media

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12
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer of vessel walls

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13
Q

Components of tunica media

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • External elastic lamina*
  • not in veins
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14
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetic innervation causes smooth muscle to contract

All arteries are capable of this, amount of vasoconstriction is regulated by proportion of smooth muscle to elastic fibers. More smooth muscle = greater vasoconstriction

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15
Q

Vasodilation

A

Sympathetic innervation causes smooth muscle cells to relax, dilate, or widen

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16
Q

External elastic lamina

A

Elastic CT, only in arteries

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17
Q

Tunica externa

A

Outermost layer of vessels that helps anchor the vessel to other vessels; separates the tunica media and tunica externa

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18
Q

Components of tunica externa

A
  • Areolar CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers
  • Vasa vasorum
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19
Q

Vasa vasorum

A
  • Means “vessels of vessels”
  • Network of small arteries in very large vessels to supply blood to tunica externa
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20
Q

Thickest wall layer in arteries

A

Tunica media

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21
Q

Thickest wall layer in veins

A

Tunica externa

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22
Q

Arteries become progressively (smaller/larger) as they branch and extend farther from the heart, as the veins become progressively (smaller/larger) as they unite and merge and come closer to the heart

A

smaller; larger

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23
Q

Veins vs. arteries

A

Arteries tend to have more collagen and elastic fibers in all their tunics, which means that artery walls tend to remain open/ patent, can spring back into shape, and can withstand changes in blood pressure

Vein walls tend to collapse if there is no blood in the vein

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24
Q

Capillaries only contain the _______

A

tunica intima

contains basement membrane and endothelium only

Lacks CT and muscle layers, allowing for rapid gas and nutrients exchange between blood and tissues

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25
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries

Have less than 6 layers of smooth muscle in tunica

Large arterioles have all 3 tunics, small arterioles have an endothelium surrounded by a single layer of smooth muscle cells

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26
Q

Veins

A

Drain capillaries into heart

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27
Q

Venules

A

Smallest veins that are companion vessels with arterioles; merge to form veins

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28
Q

Smallest venules

A

Postcapillary

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29
Q

Diapedesis

A

Mechanism by which leukocytes migrate from blood to interstitial fluid; occurs mainly in postcapillary venules

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30
Q

Capillary bed

A

Group of 10 to 100 capillaries (capillaries don’t operate independently)

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31
Q

Capillary beds are fed by ___________

A

metarterioles

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32
Q

Metarteriole

A

Cross between an arteriole and capillary (contains smooth muscle); vessel branch of arteriole

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33
Q

Thoroughfare channel

A

Distal part of metarteriole that contains no smooth muscle; continuous with all vessels

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34
Q

Thoroughfare channels carries blood (towards/away from) ________(vessel) and leads to __________

A

away from capillaries; venules

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35
Q

Postcapillary venule

A

Connects to a thoroughfare channel; drains capillary bed

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36
Q

True capillaries

A

Branch from metarteriole that makes up the bulk of a capillary bed; capillary that directly branches off metarteriole

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37
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

Smooth muscle ring that controls blood flow into true capillaries; entrance to capillary

Relaxation of precapillary sphincter allows blood flow into true capillaries

Contraction reroutes blood from metarteriole to thoroughfare channel to postcapillary venule

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38
Q

Elastic arteries AKA conducting arteries

A

Largest arteries that conduct blood away from heart to smaller muscular arteries; Abundance of elastic fibers allow elastic artery to stretch when a heart ventricle ejects blood into vessels

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39
Q

Muscular arteries AKA distributing arteries

A

Medium-sized arteries that distribute blood to the body, organs, and tissue; elastic fibers are confined to 2 circumscribed rigns

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40
Q

Functional unit of cardiovascular system

A

Capillaries

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41
Q

What do capillaries connect?

A

Arterioles to venules

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42
Q

Types of capillaries

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinusoid
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43
Q

Systemic circulation steps

A

1) Oxygenated blood flows from the LA to the LV then is pumped into the aorta
2) Blood passes from aorta into elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles
3) Blood in arterioles enters systemic capillaries for exchange of gases and nutrients
4) Deoxygenated blood exits capillary beds into venules and veins
5) Deoxygenated blood is conducted to either SVC or IVC and then enters RA

LA
LV
aorta
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
systemic capillaries
capillary bed
venules and veins
SVC or IVC
RA

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44
Q

Pulmonary circulation steps

A

6) Blood flows from the RA to RV then is pumped to the pulmonary trunk
7) Pulmonary trunks conducts deoxygenated blood into pulmonary arteries to the lungs
8) Blood passes through smaller and smaller arteries before entering pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange
9) Oxygenated blood exits the lung via series of progressively larger veins that merge to form the pulmonary veins
10) Pulmonary veins drain in the LA
11) Cycle repeats

RA
RV
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
LA

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45
Q

Pulmonary circulation is responsible for carrying (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood from the (left/right) of the heart to the lungs and returning newly oxygenated blood to the (left/right) side of the heart

A

deoxygenated; right; left

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46
Q

Arteries carry deoxygenated blood, veins carry oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary circulation

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47
Q

Systemic circulation is responsible for carrying (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood from the (left/right) side of the heart and returning (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood back to the right side of the heart

A

oxygenated; left; oxygenated

Left side of heart is oxygenated

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48
Q

Arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins carry deoxygenated blood

A

Systemic circulation

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49
Q

Arteries and veins of the heart

A

Arteries:
- R/L coronary arteries
- Marginal artery
- Circumflex artery
- Anterior interventricular artery
- Posterior interventricular artery

Veins:
- Anterior cardiac vein
- Small cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Great cardiac vein
- Coronary sinus

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50
Q

Coronary arteries

A
  • Supplies wall of heart
  • Travels in coronary sinus
  • R/L
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51
Q

Only branch of ascending aorta

A

Coronary arteries

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52
Q

Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the LV of the heart and enters the _______

A

ascending aorta

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53
Q

The ascending aorta curves toward the left side of the heart and becomes the ________

A

aortic arch

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54
Q

Coronary sulcus AKA atrioventricular sulcus

A

Deep groove separating the atria and ventricles that extends the entire heart circumference

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55
Q

Branching of right coronary artery

A
  • Right marginal artery
  • Posterior interventricular artery
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56
Q

Right marginal artery

A

Branches of right coronary artery; supplies right ventricle

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57
Q

Posterior interventricular artery

A

Supplies posterior surface of heart of both left and right ventricles

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58
Q

Branching of left coronary artery

A
  • Anterior interventricular artery
  • Circumflex artery
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59
Q

Anterior interventricular artery

A

Branching of left coronary artery that supplies anterior surface of left and right ventricles and most of the interventricular septum

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60
Q

Circumflex artery

A

Supplies left atrium and ventricle

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61
Q

Anatomoses

A

Tiny connections of arteries; where 2 arteries or 2 veins converge to supply the same body part

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62
Q

Functional end arteries

A

Artery with tiny anatomoses that it can be considered an end artery

e.g. coronary artery

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63
Q

End artery

A

Artery with no anatomoses; providing only one pathway to which blood can reach an organ

e.g. renal and splenic artery

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64
Q

Venous return

A

Flood of blood from systemic circulation towards the right of the heart (flow of blood back to heart); occurs in cardiac veins

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65
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

Runs alongside anterior interventricular artery

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66
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A

Runs alongside posterior interventricular artery

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67
Q

Small cardiac vein

A

Travels close to the right marginal artery

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68
Q

Anterior cardiac veins

A

Drains small portion of anterior surface of ventricle into RA

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69
Q

Coronary veins

A

Carries blood away from tissue it travels through

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70
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Large vein in posterior aspect of coronary sulcus; Drains directly into RA of heart; Carries blood away from heart wall

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71
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • R/L pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
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72
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Large artery that transports blood from RV into pulmonary circulation

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73
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Branchings of pulmonary trunk that carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

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74
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Where oxygenated blood travels to the LA

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75
Q

Aorta

A

Artery that conducts blood from LV to systemic circulation

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76
Q

3 branches of aorta off the aortic arch

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
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77
Q

Bifurnicate

A

Branches off

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78
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk bifurnicates into

A
  • Right common carotid artery
  • Right subclavian artery
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79
Q

Right common carotid artery

A

Supplies arterial blood to the right side of head and neck

80
Q

Right subclavian artery

A

Supplies right upper limb and some thoracic structures

81
Q

Left common carotid artery

A

Supplies left side of head and neck

82
Q

Left subclavian artery

A

Supplies left upper limb and some thoracic structures

83
Q

Descending thoracic aorta

A

Continuation of aortic arch curve that projects inferiorly and extends and branches to supply thoracic walls

84
Q

Descending abdominal aorta

A

Inferior extension of descending thoracic aorta through the aortic opening in the diaphragm; Arterial branches originate from arterial wall to supply abdominal wall and organs

85
Q

Hiatus

A

Aortic opening

86
Q

Common iliac arteries

A
  • R/L
  • Branching of descending abdominal aorta at L4
87
Q

Branching of common iliac arteries

A
  • Internal iliac artery
  • External iliac artery
88
Q

Internal iliac artery

A

Supplies pelvic and perineal regions

89
Q

External iliac artery

A

Supplies lower limbs; main arterial supply of lower limbs

90
Q

Branches off aorta (both thoracic and abdominal)

A
  • Visceral branch
  • Parietal branch
91
Q

Visceral branch

A

Supplies organs and associated tissues

92
Q

Parietal branches

A

Supplies wall (or floor) of cavity

93
Q

Visceral branches of thoracic aorta

A
  • Bronchial
  • Esophageal
  • Pericardial
  • Mediastinal
94
Q

Bronchial artery

A

Supplies lungs

95
Q

Esophageal artery

A

Supplies esophagus

96
Q

Pericardial artery

A

Supplies pericardium

97
Q

Mediastinal artery

A

Supplies posterior mediastinum

98
Q

Parietal branches of thoracic aorta

A
  • Posterior intercostal
  • Superior phrenic
99
Q

Posterior intercostal artery

A

Supplies wall of thoracic cavity (ribs, intercostal muscles)

100
Q

Superior phrenic artery

A

Supplies diaphragm

101
Q

Visceral branches of abdominal aorta

A
  • Celiac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
  • Renal
  • Suprarenal
  • Gonadal
102
Q

Arteries supplying the GI tract

A
  • Celiac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
103
Q

Celiac trunk

A
  • Inferior to hiatus (aortic opening)
  • Supplies stomach, liver, spleen, part of duodenum, part of pancreas
104
Q

Branches of celiac trunk

A
  • Common hepatic
  • Splenic
  • Left gastric
105
Q

Left gastric artery

A

Supplies lesser curvature of stomach

106
Q

Splenic artery

A

Supplies spleen

107
Q

Common hepatic artery

A

Supplies liver

108
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A
  • Inferior to celiac trunk
  • Supplies small intestine and half of large intestine
109
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

Supplies half of large intestine

110
Q

Renal artery

A

Supplies kidneys

111
Q

Middle suprarenal/adrenal artery

A

Supplies adrenal glands

112
Q

Gonadal artery

A

Supplies gonads (testicles in male, ovaries in females)

113
Q

Parietal branches of the abdominal aorta

A

Supply wall of abdomen

  • Lumbar
  • Inferior phrenic
  • Median sacral
114
Q

Lumbar artery

A

Supplies posterior abdominal wall

115
Q

Inferior phrenic artery

A

Supplies diaphragm

116
Q

Median sacral artery

A

Supplies the coccyx, sacrum, surrounding

117
Q

Branching of common carotid arteries

A
  • External carotid artery
  • Internal carotid artery
118
Q

External carotid artery

A

Supplies structures external to the skull (superficial tissue of face and bone)

119
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

Supplies structures internal to skull

120
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Arise from subclavian arteries and travel through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae to drain some cranial blood; supplies spinal cord, medulla

121
Q

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

A

Continuation of internal carotid artery through carotid canal to the inside of the skull; Supply the cerebrum of brain

122
Q

Cerebral arterial circle/ Circle of Willis

A

Anatomosis of arteries around sella turcica; equalizes blood pressure in the brains

  • Anterior communicating artery
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Internal carotid
  • Posterior communicating artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery
123
Q

Basilar artery

A

Merging of vertebral arteries; travels anterior to pons; Supplies pons and cerebellum

124
Q

Anterior communicating artery

A

Connects the 2 anterior cerebral arteries

125
Q

Posterior communicating artery

A

Branches of posterior cerebral arteries

126
Q

Branches off subclavian artery

A
  • Vertebral
  • Anterior intercostal
127
Q

Anterior intercostal artery

A

Branch off internal thoracic aorta and forms of anatomoses with posterior intercostal arteries

128
Q

Axillary artery

A

Extension of subclavian artery past the 1st rib border

129
Q

Brachial artery

A

Extension of axillary artery past the inferior border of the teres major

130
Q

Branches of brachial artery

A
  • Radial artery
  • Ulnar artery

Both supply the forearm and wrist

131
Q

Superficial palmar arch

A

Formed primarily by ulnar artery

132
Q

Deep palmar arch

A

Formed primarily by radial artery

133
Q

Digital arteries

A

Branch from palmar arches to supply the fingers

134
Q

Most common site for pulse

A

Radial artery

135
Q

Femoral artery

A

Extension of external iliac artery past the inguinal ligament; Deep femoral artery supplies hip joint and most of thigh muscles

136
Q

Popliteal artery

A

Extension of femoral artery past the knee; supplies the knee joint and muscles

137
Q

Branching of the popliteal artery

A
  • Anterior tibial artery
  • Posterior tibial artery
138
Q

Anterior tibial artery

A

Supplies the anterior compartment of the leg

139
Q

Posterior tibial artery

A

Supplies the posterior compartment of the leg

140
Q

Fibular artery

A

Extension of the posterior tibial artery; supplies the lateral compartment of the legs

141
Q

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

A

Extension of the posterior tibial artery that branches at the plantar surface of the foot (top of foot)

142
Q

Dorsal pedis artery

A

Extension of anterior tibial artery past the ankle

143
Q

Plantar arch

A

Formed by the dorsal pedis and lateral plantar arteries

144
Q

Digital arteries

A

Extend from the plantar arch and supply the toes

145
Q

Brachiocephalic veins

A

Veins that drain the head, neck, and upper limbs
L/R

146
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Merged brachiocephalic veins; drains directly into RA

147
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Merged large veins inferior to diaphragm; drains directly into RA; responsible for transporting venous blood from lower limbs, pelvis, perineum, abdominal structures

148
Q

Which veins drain into the azygous system of veins along the posterior thoracic wall?

A

Lumbar and posterior intercostal veins

149
Q

Azygous vein

A

Drains right side veins of thoracic and abdominal veins

150
Q

Which veins does the azygous vein receive blood from?

A
  • Hemiazygous
  • Esophageal
  • Bronchial
  • Pericardial
151
Q

The azygous vein drains into the __________

A

Superior vena cava

hemiazygous and accessory azygous
azygous
SVC
RA

152
Q

Which veins drain the left side veins of thoracic and abdominal veins?

A

Hemiazygous and accessory azygous veins

153
Q

Azygous and hemiazygous vein

A

Drain chest wall and lungs

154
Q

Dural venous sinus

A

Large veins between the two layers of dura mater that primarily drain cranial blood and receive excess CSF

Do not have valves, blood can flow in multiple directions

155
Q

Dural venous sinus system

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
  • Inferior sagittal sinus
  • Straight sinus
  • Transverse/lateral sinus
  • Sigmoid sinus
156
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A
  • Superior to longitudinal fissure of brain
  • Drains into one of transverse sinuses (usually right one)
157
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus

A

Found in free inferior edge of falx cerebri

158
Q

Straight sinus

A
  • Formed by union (merging) of the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein
  • Drains into transverse sinus
159
Q

Transverse/ lateral sinus

A

Receives blood from straight sinus; travel horizontally along internal margin of occipital bone

L/R

160
Q

Sigmoid sinus

A
  • S-shaped sinus L/R sinuses that are continuation of transverse sinuses
  • Drain into internal jugular veins
161
Q

Internal jugular vein

A
  • Receives blood from sigmoid sinus
  • Merges with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein that drains into SVC of heart
162
Q

External jugular vein

A
  • Site of venous return of facial veins
  • Drains into subclavian then brachiocephalic vein
163
Q

Basilic vein

A
  • Runs adjacent to medial surface of upper limbs
  • Eventually forms the axillary vein (deep)
  • Superficial
164
Q

Cephalic vein

A
  • Runs lateral of upper limb
  • Drains into the axillary vein
  • Superficial
165
Q

Median cubital vein

A
  • Obliquely positioned in cubital region
  • Common site for venipuncture to puncture a vein and draw out blood or inject a solute (IV)
  • Superficial
166
Q

Venous arches

A
  • Palmar (deep and superficial) and dorsal (in hand)
  • Plantar and dorsal (in foot)
167
Q

Venae commitantes

A

Paired veins that lie alongside an artery

e.g. radial and ulnar veins (deep)

168
Q

Vertebral vein

A

Drains tissue of neck

Brain
Internal jugular
External jugular
Vertebral

169
Q

Dorsal venous arch of foot drains into which veins?

A

Great and small saphenous vein (superficial)

170
Q

Great saphenous vein

A
  • Medial surface of lower limb
  • Drains into femoral vein
  • Longest vein in body
171
Q

Small saphenous vein

A
  • Lateral ankle to posterior calf
  • Drains into popliteal vein
172
Q

Hepatic portal system

A
  • Venous network that drains the GI tract and shunts blood for absorption and processing of transported materials
  • Carries blood from organs of digestion to liver
  • Blood circulates through hepatic sinusoids in liver and pathogens are phagocytized
  • Blood returns to heart via hepatic veins and IVC
  • Portal: detour before heart
173
Q

Veins of hepatic portal system

A
  • Superior mesenteric vein
  • Inferior mesenteric vein
  • Gastric veins
  • Splenic vein
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Hepatic veins
174
Q

Superior mesenteric vein

A

Drains entire small intestine, half of large

175
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein

A

Drains half of large intestine

176
Q

Splenic vein

A

Drains spleen and pancreas

177
Q

Gastric veins

A

Drains blood from stomach

178
Q

(Hepatic) portal vein

A

Carries deoxygenated but nutrient-rich blood to liver

179
Q

What veins form the hepatic portal vein?

A
  • Inferior mesenteric vein
  • Splenic vein
  • Superior mesenteric
180
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Carries blood away from liver and drains into IVC

181
Q

Hepatic portal system steps

A

1) Inferior mesenteric v
2) Superior mesenteric v
3) Splenic v
4) Gastric vv

1-4 form hepatic portal vein

5) liver (hepatic sinusoid)
6) hepatic vein
7) IVC

182
Q

Fetal circulation

A
  • Placenta
  • Umbilical cord
  • Ductus venosus
  • Foramen ovale
  • Ductus arteriosus
183
Q

Why is the fetal circulation system different than postnatal?

A

Fetal lungs are not functional, so BP in pulmonary arteries and right side of heart is greater than left side of heart

Fetal vessels help shunt blood directly to organs in need, away from organs that are not yet functional

184
Q

Placenta

A

Temporary organ that delivers oxygen and nutrients from mother directly to fetus

185
Q

Umbilical cord

A
  • Umbilical vein (1)
  • Umbilical arteries (pair)
186
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Origin of umbilical system of veins are a left and right, by 2nd month, right disappears and left directly connects to ductus venosus; delivers oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

187
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Returns deoxygenated blood to placenta

188
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Connects umbilical vein to IVC

189
Q

The ductus venosus becomes the _________ postnatally

A

ligamentum venosum

190
Q

Umbilical arteries becomes the ________ postnatally

A

medical umbilical ligaments

191
Q

The umbilical vein becomes the _______ postnatally

A

round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres)

192
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta; vessel detour

193
Q

The ductus arteriosus becomes the ___________ postnatally

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

194
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Connection between R & L atriums; opening in interatrial septum

195
Q

Steps of fetal circulation

A

1) Oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the body of the fetus through the umbilical vein
2) Blood from umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and directly toward the IVC through the ductus venosus
3) Oxygenated blood in ductus venosus mixes with deoxygenated blood in IVC
4) Blood from the SVC and IVC empties into the RA
5) Since pressure is greater on the right side, most blood is shunted from RA to LA through the foramen ovale
6) Blood flows through LV and is pumped out of the aorta
7) A small amount of blood enters the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, much is shunted from pulmonary trunk to aorta through ductus arteriosus
8) Blood travels to rest of body, deoxygenated blood returns to placenta through pair of umblical arteries
9) Nutrient and gas exchange occur in placenta, cycle repeats

Placenta
Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
IVC
SVC + IVC -> RA
Foramen ovale
LA
LV
Aorta
Some enters RV and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary trunk –> ductus arteriosus –> aorta
Umbilical arteries
Placenta

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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