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ANATOMY > CH 27 > Flashcards

CH 27 Flashcards

Urinary system

1
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

Function of urinary system

A

Remove waste products from blood and maintain homeostasis

  • Storage
  • Expulsion
  • Regulation of blood volume
  • Regulation of erthryocyte production
  • Regulation of acid-base balance
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3
Q

Filtered waste products

A

Filtrate, becomes processed to become tubular fluid

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4
Q

Urine

A

Filtrate processed by kidneys

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5
Q

Storage

A

Urinary bladder is muscular sac that stores urine

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6
Q

Expulsion

A

Urine is transported from urethra to urinary bladder and expels it from the body

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7
Q

Micturation/ urination

A

Expulsion of urine from urinary bladder

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8
Q

Regulation of blood volume

A

Kidneys control the volume of interstitial fluid and blood under direction of certain hormones

Thus by affecting changes in blood volume, the kidneys also indirectly change blood pressure

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9
Q

Regulation of erthryocyte production

A

As kidneys filter blood, they also indirectly measure oxygen levels in the blood

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10
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone secreted by kidney cells when blood oxygen levels drop

Acts on stem cells in bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production, allowing blood to transport more oxygen

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11
Q

Regulation of ion levels

A

Kidneys help control the blood ions balance such as sodium, potassium, phosphate, calcium by eliminating it in urine

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12
Q

Regulation of acid-base balance

A

Kidneys alter blood level of hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions by eliminating varying amounts of ions

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13
Q

Kidneys

A
  • Lateral to spine T12-L3
  • Right kidney bigger and lower than left
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Kidney bean colored (reddish-brown) and kidney bean shaped
  • Center of concave side is hilum where vessels, nerves, and ureters are attached
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14
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Filtration of blood:
- Removal of blood
- Regulation of systemic blood pressure
- Regulation of blood volume
- Regulation of blood pH
- Regulation of water and electrolyte levels in body fluids

  • Secretion of erthyropoeitin
  • Synthesis of vitamin D along with skin and liver
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15
Q

Tissue that protects and supports the kidneys

A
  • Perinepheric fat/ adipose capsule
  • Renal fascia
  • Paranephric/ pararenal fat
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16
Q

Perinepheric fat/ perirenal fat/ adipose capsule

A

Closest to kidney; provides cushion to protect from trauma

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17
Q

Renal fascia

A

Deep fascia which supports the kidney in abdominal cavity; dense irregular CT that holds the kidney in place

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18
Q

Paranephric/ pararenal fat

A

More cushioning lateral to kidneys

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19
Q

Regions of the kidney

A
  • Fibrous/ renal capsule
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Major and minor calyces
  • Renal pelvis
  • Uriniferous tubules
  • Renal lobe
  • Renal sinus
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20
Q

Fibrous/ renal capsule

A

Directly adheres to outer surface of kidney; dense irregular CT that maintains the kidney’s shape, protects it from trauma, and helps prevent infectious pathogens from entering the kidney

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21
Q

Cortex

A

Outer lighter area of kidney

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22
Q

Medulla

A

Inner darker area of kidney

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23
Q

Components of renal medulla

A
  • Renal columns
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal papilla
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24
Q

Renal column

A

Extensions of the renal cortex between renal pyramids; subdivide the kidney into renal pyramids

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25
Q

Renal pyramids

A

Subdivision of renal medulla; 8-15/kidney

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26
Q

Renal papilla

A

Apex (point) of renal pyramid

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27
Q

Renal lobe

A

1 renal pyramid and surrounding cortex

8-15/kidney

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28
Q

Minor calyces

A

Funneled-shaped space that carries urine out of each renal pyramid

8-15/kidney

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29
Q

Major calyces

A

Larger space formed by the union of minor calyces

2-3/kidney

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30
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Large-funnel shaped space formed by the union of the major calyces

Collects urine and transports it to the ureter

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31
Q

Renal sinus

A

Space around calyces that contains loose/areolar CT, adipose CT, blood vessels, and nerves; continuous with hilum

Houses renal artery, renal vein, lymph vessels, nerves, renal pelvis, and renal calcyes

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32
Q

Urine pathway through regions of kidney

A

minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter

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33
Q

Nephron

A
  • Functional unit of kidney
  • Filters blood and forms urine
  • 1.25 million/ kidney
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34
Q

Parts of nephron

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Renal tubules
  • Collecting duct/ tubule
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35
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Enlarged, bulbous portion of nephron

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36
Q

Components of renal corpuscle

A
  • Glomerular capillaries
  • Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule
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37
Q

Glomerular capillaries/ glomerulus

A

Fenestrated capillaries: capillaries with fenestrations (pores) that blood plasma and dissolved substances leaks through to be filtered

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38
Q

Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule

A

Epithelial capsule surrounding the glomerulus

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39
Q

Components of Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule

A
  • Visceral layer
  • Capsular space
  • Parietal layer
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40
Q

Visceral layer of Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule

A

Formed by specialized cells called podocytes

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41
Q

Podocyte components

A
  • Pedicels
  • Filtration slit
  • Slit membrane
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42
Q

Pedicels

A

Foot-like processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries to support the capillary wall

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43
Q

Filtration slits

A

Thin spaces that separate pedicels and are covered with membranes; restricts passage of most small proteins

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44
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Porous, thin, negatively charged structure formed by the glomerulus and visceral layer of the glomerular capsule; Substance must pass through this “filter” to become filtrate

45
Q

Filtration membrane layers

A

Innermost (closest to lumen) –> outermost:
- Endothelium of glomerulus
- Basement membrane of glomerulus
- Visceral layer of glomerular capsule

46
Q

Endothelium of glomerulus

A

Fenestrated to allow blood plasma and its dissolved substance to be filtered while restricting the passage of large structures such as formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

47
Q

Basement membrane of glomerulus

A

Porous membrane that that restricts passage of large plasma proteins while allowing smaller structures to pass through

48
Q

Parietal layer of Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule

A

Simple squamous ET

49
Q

Capsular space

A

Actual space between visceral and parietal layers of glomerular capsule where filtrate enters

50
Q

Renal tubules

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Nephron loop/ loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
51
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A
  • Lined with simple cuboidal ET with tall microvilli that markedly increase its reabsorption capacity (lumen looks fuzzy)
  • Cells reactively resorb all nutrients (including glucose and amino acids) as well as most vitamins, plasma proteins from tubular fluid to enter the blood in peritubular capillaries to be returned to general circulation
  • About 60-65% of water from tubular fluid is resorbed by osmosis
  • Secretes some H+ ions into tubular fluid
52
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A
  • Lined with simple cuboidal ET with no microvilli (lumen looks clear)
  • Secrete ions (H+, K+) in tubular fluid
  • Resorbs water and Na+ ions
53
Q

Once tubular fluid leaves the DCT, it enters the ______ that empty into _______

A

collecting tubules; collecting ducts

54
Q

Collecting duct

A
  • Collects urine from different nephrons
  • Simple cuboidal in tubules
  • Simple columnar near renal papilla
55
Q

Nephron loop AKA loop of Henle

A
  • Tubule that forms a loop
  • Resorbs water and solutes (Na+, Cl-) from tubular fluid
  • Secretes H+ in tubular fluid
  • Thick limbs lined with simple cuboidal ET
  • Thin limbs lined with simple squamous ET
56
Q

Limbs of nephron loop

A
  • Ascending limb
  • Descending limb
57
Q

Descending limb

A
  • From cortex into medulla
  • Thick then thin
58
Q

Ascending limb

A
  • From medulla back to cortex
  • Thin then thick
59
Q

Once tubular fluid leaves the collecting duct, it enters the _________ and becomes urine

A

papillary ducts
duct opening at renal papilla (tip of renal pyramids) and enters the minor calyces

60
Q

Tissue lining renal calyces and renal pelvis

A

transitional ET

61
Q

Formation of urine

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
62
Q

Filtration

A
  • Blood is filtered
  • Occurs in glomerulus
63
Q

Reabsorption

A
  • Occurs in renal tubules
  • Movement of substances like glucose from renal tubules into surrounding blood capillaries
  • Returns wanted nutrients and such back into blood circulation
64
Q

Secretion

A
  • Occurs in renal tubules
  • Movement of unwanted substances like toxins from surrounding blood capillaries into renal tubules to be eventually to be excreted
65
Q

2 types of nephrons

A
  • Cortical nephrons
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
66
Q

Cortical nephron

A
  • 85% of all nephrons
  • Located primarily in cortex
  • Relatively short nephron loops
67
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A
  • 15% of all nephrons
  • Located primarily in medulla
  • Have long nephron loop surrounded by vasa recta
  • Form a more concentrated urine during times of dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea)
68
Q

Vasa recta

A

“straight vessels”; Capillary network surrounding nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons where materials are resorbed and returned to blood; specialized part of peritubular capillary

69
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A
  • In all nephrons
  • Controls glomerular filtration rate (GFR): rate at which filtrate moves
  • Controls systemic blood pressure
70
Q

Components of juxtaglomerular capsule (JGA)

A
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Macula densa
71
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells AKA granular cells

A
  • Smooth muscle cells in wall of afferent arteriole
  • Secretes renin in blood if blood pressure drops, a vasoconstrictor enzyme that will constrict blood vessels to increase systemic BP
72
Q

Macula densa

A
  • Specialized ET cells in DCT
  • Detects changes in concentration of filtrate and signals juxtaglomerular cells
  • Only on tubule side next to afferent arteriole, are narrower and taller than other DCT cells
73
Q

Blood supply to kidney

A
  • Renal artery
  • Segmental artery
  • Lobar artery
  • Interlobar artery
  • Arcuate artery
  • Interlobular artery
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus
  • Efferent artery
  • Peritubular capillary and vasa recta
  • Interlobular vein
  • Arcuate vein
  • Interlobar vein
  • Renal vein
  • IVC
  • no segmental or lobar vein
74
Q

Renal artery

A
  • Receives blood from kidneys
  • Arises and extends from lateral region of descending abdominal aorta at level of first or second aorta
75
Q

Segmental artery

A
  • Up to 5
  • Branch from renal artery within renal sinus
76
Q

Lobar artery

A
  • Receives blood from segmental arteries
77
Q

Interlobar arteries

A
  • Receives blood from lobar arteries
  • In renal columns
78
Q

Arcuate arteries

A
  • Branching of interlobar arteries
  • Located parallel to base of medullary pyramid
79
Q

Interlobular arteries

A
  • Branching of arcuate arteries
  • Project into cortex
80
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Extension of interlobular arteries into small branches; afferent= toward: carry blood to glomerulus

81
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary network as the afferent arteriole enters the renal corpuscle

82
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Receives blood from the glomerulus; branch into peritubular capillaries or vasa recta; efferent= to take away or exit: takes blood away from glomerulus

83
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

Are intertwined with convoluted tubules, primarily reside in cortex; peri=around

84
Q

Interlobular veins

A

Receives blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

85
Q

Arcuate veins

A

Union of interlobular veins that project parallel to base of medullary pyramids

86
Q

Interlobar veins

A

Union of arcuate veins

87
Q

Renal vein

A

Unions of interlobar veins in the renal sinuses; Leave the kidney via the hilum and drain into the IVC

88
Q

Interlobar vessels

A

Located between lobes of kidneys

89
Q

Arcuate vessels

A

Forms vessel arcs at corticomedullary junction

90
Q

Interlobular vessels

A

Located between smaller lobules of kidney cortex

91
Q

Urinary tract

A
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
92
Q

Ureters

A
  • Carries urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
  • Travel from renal pelvis to posterolateral wall of bladder
  • Last few inches are horizontal
  • Retroperitoneal
93
Q

Walls of ureters

A
  • Mucosa: transitional ET
  • Muscularis: inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer (opposite of GI tract)
  • Adventitia

No submucosa

94
Q

Urinary bladder

A
  • Stores urine
  • Located immediately posterior to pubic symphysis in floor of pelvis
  • In females: lies anteroinferior to uterus and anterior to vagina
  • In males: lies anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland
95
Q

Wall of bladder

A
  • Mucosa: transitional ET with rugae
  • Submucosa: dense irregular CT, supports urinary bladder wall
  • Muscularis: complex pattern of muscle fibers and difficult to determine layers
  • Adventitia: areolar CT
96
Q

Detrusor

A

Muscle of bladder wall

97
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Formed by detrusor muscle; at neck of urinary bladder; involuntary smooth muscle that encircles the urethral opening

98
Q

Trigone

A

Triangular area formed by opening of ureters and urethra; lacks rugae so does not expand when bladder fills with urine; funnel that directs stored urine to urethra

99
Q

Urethra

A
  • Begins at neck of urinary bladder
  • Carries urine outside of the body
100
Q

2 sphincter muscles

A
  • Internal urethra sphincter
  • External urethra sphincter
101
Q

External urethra sphincter

A
  • Formed by urogenital diaphragm
  • Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
  • Located at floor of pelvis
102
Q

Wall of urethra

A

-Muscosa: transitional ET near bladder, stratified squamous ET near external orifice, males may have pseudostratified and stratified columnar ET
- Muscularis: smooth
- Adventitia: areolar CT

103
Q

Female urethra

A

Has single function of transporting urine to exterior of body

104
Q

Male urethra functions

A

Urinary and reproductive functions: transports urine and semen

105
Q

Regions of male urethra

A
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Spongy urethra
106
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

Travels through the prostate gland

107
Q

Membranous urethra

A

Travels through external urethral sphincter (urogenital diaphragm)

108
Q

Spongy urethra

A

Travels through corpus spongiosum of penis

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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