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ANATOMY > CH 10 > Flashcards

CH 10 Flashcards

Muscle

1
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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2
Q

Skeletal muscle AKA striated muscle

A

Attached to bones of the skeleton and some skin

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3
Q

Muscle cells are AKA

A

Muscle fibers

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics

A
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
  • Cylindrical
  • Long
  • Parallel
  • Multinucleated
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5
Q

Voluntary

A

Can control movement, however involuntary movements still occurs

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6
Q

Only voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in wall of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, arrector pili muscle

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8
Q

Smooth muscle movement of blood vessels and eyes

A

Can control contraction/dilation

As a result, can control BP

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9
Q

Hollow organs

A

Organs with a cavity

Stomach, intestine, uterus, urinary bladder

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10
Q

Smooth muscle fiber characteristics

A
  • Nonstriated
  • Short
  • Fusiform/spindle-shaped
  • Mononucleated
  • Involuntary

Shape of each muscle cell undefined since each one up against each other

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11
Q

Smooth muscle looks similar to what tissue?

A

Dense regular CT

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12
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only in myocardium

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13
Q

Myocardium

A

Wall of heart

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14
Q

Muscle fibers of cardiac muscle

A
  • Striated
  • Involuntary
  • Mononucleated
  • Short
  • Branched
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15
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are attached end to end by strong desmosomes and gap junctions called __________

A

Intercalculated discs

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16
Q

Intercalculated discs allow for what?

A

Rapid passage of electric current

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17
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissues

A
  • Excitability
  • Contractibility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
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18
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to conduct electric currents (ions) along cell membrane

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19
Q

Electric current

A

Action potential

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20
Q

Contractibility

A

Ability for muscle cells to contract (shorten) to cause movement

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21
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability for muscle cells to return back to “resting length” after stretching

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22
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability for muscle cells to stretch without damage

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23
Q

Muscular system

A

Only refers to skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Function of muscular system

A
  • Body movement
  • Maintenance of posture
  • Temperature regulation
  • Storage and movement of materials
  • Joint support
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25
Q

Body movement

A

Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movement

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26
Q

Temperature regulation

A

Muscle contraction generates heat

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27
Q

Storage and movement of materials

A

Sphincter muscle expels waste

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28
Q

Joint support

A

Muscle crosses over joint

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29
Q

Layers of connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle

A
  • Deep fascia
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
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30
Q

Deep fascia

A

Dense irregular CT that surrounds the entire muscle

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31
Q

Mysium

A

Muscle

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32
Q

Epimysium

A

Thinner layer of dense irregular CT that surrounds the entire muscle

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33
Q

Perimysium

A

Dense irregular CT that surrounds the fasicles

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34
Q

Fasicle

A

Bundle of muscle fibers/cells

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35
Q

Endomysium

A

Areolar/loose CT that surrounds each muscle fiber

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36
Q

Muscle attachments

A
  • Tendons
  • Aponeuroses
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37
Q

Tendon

A

Cylindrical dense regular CT that connects muscle to bone

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38
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Flat, broad sheets of dense regular CT that connect muscle to bone or muscle to muscle

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39
Q

Muscle attachments

A
  • Origin
  • Insertion
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40
Q

Origin

A

Heavier attachment that is located closer to the trunk/torso

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41
Q

Insertion

A

Lighter attachment that is located further from the trunk/torso

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42
Q

Describe the movement of muscle attachments during contraction

A

Origin remains stationary during contraction

Insertion is pulled toward origin during contraction

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43
Q

Myo-

A

refers to muscle tissue

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44
Q

sarco-

A

refers to flesh

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45
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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46
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

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47
Q

Smooth ER

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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48
Q

Organization of Skeletal muscle

A
  • Muscle
  • Fasicles
  • Muscle fiber/cell
  • Myofibrils
  • Myofilaments
  • Actin and myosin
49
Q

Myofibril

A

Bundle of myofilaments

50
Q

Myofilaments AKA filaments

A

Slide to cause contraction

51
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores calcium ions – necessary for contraction

52
Q

Terminal cisterns

A

Tiny sacs in SR that stores calcium ions

53
Q

Transverse (T) tubules

A

Carry action potential deep inside muscle cells like a wire

54
Q

Triad

A

2 terminal cisterns/ terminal cisternae
1 transverse (T) tubule

55
Q

Types of myofilaments

A
  • Thick
  • Thin
56
Q

Thick myofilaments are composed of __________

A

myosin

57
Q

Thin myofilaments are composed of what?

A
  • Mainly actin
  • Tropomyosin
  • Troponin
58
Q

Actin

A

Binds to myosin heads AKA crossbridge during contraction

59
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Covers actin’s binding site (active site) during relaxation

60
Q

Troponin

A

Binds to calcium ions during contraction, moves tropomyosin off to prepare for contraction

61
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of skeletal muscle

Repeating unit at which filaments organize themselves in to the entire length of the myofibril

Shortens during contraction

62
Q

Describe the length of a sarcomere

A

Extends from one Z disc to another

63
Q

Z disc

A

Attachment site for thin filaments

64
Q

A band

A

Dark band in the middle of the sarcomere; composed of thick filament with overlapping thin filaments on the lateral ends

65
Q

M line

A

Attachment site for thick filaments

66
Q

H-zone

A

Lighter region in the middle of the A band; contains only thick filaments

67
Q

I band

A

Light band containing only thin filaments and titin protein

68
Q

Which parts of the sarcomere disappear during contraction?

i.e. Which parts of the sarcomere shorten or narrow during contraction?

A

H-zone and I band

69
Q

What changes occur to the sarcomere during contraction?

A
  • H zone disappears
  • Width of A band stays constant
  • I band narrows or shortens in length
  • Z discs in one sarcomere come closer together
  • Sarcomere narrows or shortens in length
70
Q

Parts of a sarcomere

A
  • A band
  • H zone
  • M line
  • I zone
  • Z disc
71
Q

How do muscle fibers shorten?

A

By the interaction between thin and thick filaments within each sarcomere

72
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Mechanism for contraction

73
Q

Why is skeletal muscle striated?

A

Dark bands are the A band
Light bands are the I band

74
Q

Steps of Sliding Filament Theory

A

1) Action potential travels along the sarcolemma down the T-tubules
2) Calcium is released from the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and binds to troponin
3) Calcium-troponin complex moves tropomyosin off actin’s binding sites
4) Myosin heads bind to actin. Filaments slide
5) Z discs come close together

75
Q

Types of neurons

A
  • Sensory
  • Motor
76
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carries action potential to CNS

Responds to environment

77
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carries action potential away from CNS to muscles or glands

78
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  • Cell body
  • Axon
  • Dendrites
79
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that are specialized to detect stimuli, process information quickly, and rapidly transmit impulses from one region of the body to another

80
Q

Cell body AKA soma

A

Houses the nucleus of neurons and most organelles; Controls the rest of the cell and proteins for the cell

81
Q

Dendrite

A

Short, branched processes which receive incoming signals from other cells and transmit the information to the cell body

82
Q

Axon

A

Long neuron process which carries the outgoing signals to other cells

In the context of the motor neuron, the axon carries action potential to muscle fibers

83
Q

Synaptic knob/cleft

A

Expanded tip of an axon that contains synaptic vesicles

84
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Tiny sacs filled with neurotransmitter ACh

85
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

86
Q

Motor-end-plate

A

Specialized folded region of the sarcolemma (on muscle cell) that contains ACh receptors

87
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Narrow space between the motor-end-plate and synaptic knob

88
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between a neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland

89
Q

Neuromuscular/ myoneural junction

A

Synapse between a muscle fiber and motor neuron

90
Q

Components of the neuromuscular junction

A
  • Synaptic knob
  • Motor-end-plate
  • Synapatic cleft
91
Q

Steps of Contraction

A

1) Action potential (AP) travels from cell body down to the axon of the motor neuron
2) ACh is released from synaptic vesicles
3) ACh binds to receptors on the motor-end-plate
4) AP is transmitted to muscle fiber along the sarcolemma and T tubule membranes
5) Calcium is released from SR into sarcolemma and binds to troponin on thin filaments
6) Calcium-troponin complex moves tropomyosin, exposing binding sites on actin
7) Myosin heads bind to actin, forming a crossbridge
8) Filaments slide, sarcomere shortens

92
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron and muscle fiber it synapses on

  • Motor neuron
  • Muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron
  • Neuromuscular junctions
93
Q

Innervate

A

Give supply to

94
Q

How does muscle relaxation occur?

A
  • Enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down excess ACh in synaptic cleft
  • Calcium pumps returns calcium to terminal cisterns of SR
95
Q

Qualities of muscle that are incorporated into naming muscles

A
  • Muscle action
  • Body region
  • Muscle attachment
  • Orientation of muscle fibers
  • Muscle size, shape, length
  • Muscle heads/tendons of origin
96
Q

Naming - muscle action

A
  • Adductor
  • Abductor
  • Extensor
  • Flexor
97
Q

Naming - body regions

A
  • Oris (mouth)
  • Cervicis (neck)
  • Brachial (arm)
  • Carpi (wrist)
  • Pollicis (thumb)
  • Gluteal (buttocks)
  • Femoris (thumb)
  • Hallucis (great toe)
  • Anterior (toward front of body)
  • Posterior/ dorsal/dorsi (toward back of body)
  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Superficialis (superficial)
  • Profundus (deep)
98
Q

Naming - muscle attachments

A
  • Sternum and clavicle (cleido)
  • Between ribs (intercostal)
  • Subscapular fossa (subscapularis)
  • Fibula (fibularis longus)
  • Zygomatic bone (zygomaticus longus)
99
Q

Naming - Orientation of muscle fibers

A
  • Rectus (straight)
  • Oblique (angled)
  • Orbicularis (circular)
100
Q

Naming- muscle shape and size

A
  • Deltoid (triangular)
  • Quadratus (rectangular)
  • Longus (long)
  • Brevis (short)
  • Major (larger of 2 muscles)
  • Minor (smaller of 2 muscles)
  • Maximus (largest)
  • Medius (medium sized)
  • Minimus (smallest)
101
Q

Naming - muscle heads/ tendons of origin

A
  • Biceps (2 heads)
  • Triceps (3 heads)
  • Quadriceps (4 heads)
102
Q

Muscle actions

A
  • Flexion/ extension
  • Abduction/ adduction
  • Medial/ lateral rotation
  • Protonation/ supination
  • Inversion/ eversion
  • Plantarflexion/ dorsiflexion
  • Lateral flexion
  • Elevation/ depression
  • Protraction/ retraction
103
Q

Flexion

A

Angle between articulating bones decrease

e.g. bend finger towards palm to make a fist, bend forearm towards arm at elbow

104
Q

Extension

A

Angle between articulating bones increase

e.g. straightening fingers after making a fist, straightening arm and forearm

105
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Vertebral column moves/bends laterally along coronal plane

e.g. bend left or right

106
Q

Abduction

A

Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline

e.g. spreading digits, pointing hands and fingers laterally away from body

107
Q

Adduction

A

Medial movement of a body part towards the midline

e.g. bring raised arm or thigh back to body, bring spread digits back to midline of hand

108
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction in succession; distal end of limb moves in a circle

109
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of forearm where palm is turned posteriorly

Radius and ulna cross to form an X

110
Q

Supination

A

Rotation of forearm where palm is turned anteriorly

Radius and ulna are parallel

111
Q

Depression

A

Movement of a body part inferiorly

e.g. opening mouth, move shoulders down

112
Q

Elevation

A

Movement of a body part superiorly

e.g. opening mouth, shrugging shoulders (up)

113
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Talocrural/ankle joint movement where the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot is brought closer to the anterior surface of the leg

Essentially, move ankle up

114
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Talocrural/ankle joint movement where the sole of the foot is brought to the posterior surface of the leg

Essentially, move ankle down

e.g. ballerina on toes- en pointe

115
Q

Inversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot medially

116
Q

Eversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot laterally

117
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement of body part

e.g. huching shoulder by cross arms, sticking out chin

118
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior movement of body part

e.g. sticking chin in

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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