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ANATOMY > CH 12 > Flashcards

CH 12 Flashcards

Appendicular muscles

1
Q

Moving the ____________ is the same as moving the arm or the humerus

A

glenohumeral joint

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2
Q

Muscles that move the arm

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Latissimus major
  • Deltoid
  • Subscapularis
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres major
  • Teres minor
  • Coracobrachialis
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3
Q

The glenohumeral joint is crossed by ____ muscles

A

11

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4
Q

__________ and __________ are the primary attachments of the arm to the trunk

A

Pectoralis major and latissimus major

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5
Q

Latissimus major

A
  • Broad, triangular located on the inferior back
  • Inferior to the trapezius
  • AKA swimmer’s muscle since many of its actions are required for certain swimming strokes
  • Agonist of arm extension
  • Attached to humerus and thoracic vertebrae, iliac
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6
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • Large, thick, fan-shaped
  • Covers the superior part of the thorax
  • Agonist of arm flexion
  • Attached to clavicle, sternum, humerus
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7
Q

Deltoid

A
  • Thick
  • Forms the rounded contour of the shoulder
  • Anterior fibers: flex and medially rotate arm
  • Middle fibers: agonist of arm abduction
  • Posterior fibers: extend and laterally rotate arm
  • Attaches to clavicle, scapula, and humerus
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8
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Provide strength and stability to glenohumeral joint

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9
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

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10
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • Anteriorly deep to pectoralis minor and coracobrachialis
  • Posteriorly deep to infraspinatus and supraspinatus
  • Winding up to pitch a ball, medially rotates
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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11
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Deep to deltoid
  • Executes the pitch, abducts arm
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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12
Q

Infraspinatus

A
  • Adducts and laterally rotates arm
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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13
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Abducts arm
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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14
Q

Teres major

Teres = round

A
  • Posterior arm muscle
  • Larger and inferior to the teres minor
  • Works synergistically with the latissimus dorsi to extend, adduct, and medially rotate the arm
  • Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm
  • Attaches to the scapula and humerus
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15
Q

Teres minor

A
  • Smaller and superior to the teres major
  • Deep to the infraspinatus
  • Adducts and laterally rotates the arm
  • Attaches to the scapula and humerus
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16
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  • Works synergistically with the pectoralis major to flex and abduct the arm
  • Attaches to the scapula and humerus
  • Deep to deltoid and biceps
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17
Q

Muscles that move the forearm

A
  • Triceps brachii (long, medial, lateral head)
  • Anconeus
  • Biceps brachii (long and short head)
  • Brachialis
  • Brachioradiolis
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18
Q

Triceps brachii

A
  • Large, three-headed muscle on the posterior surface of the arm
  • Primary extensor of the forearm
  • Attached to ulna
  • Long head: attached to the scapula
  • Medial and lateral head: attached to humerus
  • Long head is medial, the longest
  • Lateral head is lateral
  • Medial head is anterior
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19
Q

Which head of the triceps brachii also extends and abducts the arm?

A

long

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20
Q

Anchoneus

A
  • Small
  • Weak elbow extensor
  • Extends forearm
  • Attached to ulna and humerus
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21
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  • Large, two-headed muscle
  • Flexes forearm, powerful supinator of forearm
  • Attached to radius
  • Long head and short head: attached to scapula
  • Medial long head
  • Lateral short head
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22
Q

Brachialis

A
  • Deep to the biceps brachii
  • Primary flexor of the forearm
  • Attached to the humerus and ulna
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23
Q

Brachioradialis

A
  • Flexes forearm
  • Attached to the humerus and radius
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24
Q

Muscles which move the hands or fingers

A
  • Pronator teres
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Palmaris longus
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Supinator
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
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25
Q

Which muscle(s) compose the superficial layer of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

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26
Q

Pronator teres

A
  • Rotate the radius across the anterior surface of the ulna to protonate the forearm
  • Superficial
  • Attaches to the humerus, ulna, and radius
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27
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A
  • Extends diagonally across the anterior surface of the forearm
  • Flexes the wrist and abducts (radial deviation) the hand
  • Superficial
  • Attaches to the humerus and metacarpals
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28
Q

Palmaris longus

A
  • Narrow
  • Absent in about 10% of individuals
  • Weak wrist flexor
  • Superficial
  • Attaches to the humerus, flexor retinaculum, and palmar aponeurosis
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29
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  • Anteromedial side of forearm
  • Flexes wrist and adducts (ulnar deviation) hand
  • Superficial
  • Attaches to the radius, ulna, pisiform, hamate, and metacarpal V
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30
Q

Which muscle(s) compose the intermediate layer of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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31
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  • Flexes wrist, 2nd to 5th MP joints, PIP joints
  • Attaches to the humerus, ulna, and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
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32
Q

The flexor digitorum superficialis splits into _________________

A

4 tendons that attach to middle phalanges of fingers 2-5

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33
Q

What is a PIP joint?

A

Proximal interphalangeal joint

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34
Q

What is a MP joint?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

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35
Q

Which muscles compose the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

A

lateral: Flexor pollicis longus
medial: Flexor digitorum profundus

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36
Q

Flexor pollicis longus

A
  • Flexes the MP and IP joint of thumb
  • Attaches to radius, distal phalanx of the thumb, interosseus membrane
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37
Q

What is an IP joint?

A

Interphalangeal joint

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38
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • Flexes wrist, 2nd-5th MP joints, PIP and DIP joints
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39
Q

What is a DIP joint?

A

Distal interphalangeal joint

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40
Q

Which muscle(s) compose the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?

A
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus (most lateral)
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris (most medial)
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41
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A
  • Long, tapered
  • Medial to the brachioradialis
  • Extends wrists, abducts hand
  • Attaches to humerus, base of metacarpal II
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42
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

A
  • Works synergistically with the extensor carpi radialis longus to extend the wrist and abduct the hand
  • Attaches to the humerus, base of metacarpal III
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43
Q

Extensor digitorum

A
  • Splits into 4 tendons
  • Attaches to the humerus, distal and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
  • Extends the wrist, MP, DIP, PIP joints of fingers 2-5
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44
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  • Extends the wrist, adducts the hand
  • Attaches to the radius, ulna, and base of metacarpal V
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45
Q

What are the muscle(s) that compose the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

A

(lateral)
- Supinator
- Abductor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
- Extensor pollicis longus
(medial)

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46
Q

Supinator

A
  • Posterior forearm
  • Works synergistically with biceps brachii to supinate the forearm
  • Attaches to the humerus, radius, ulna
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47
Q

Abductor pollicis brevis

A
  • Abducts the thumb, weakly extends the wrist
  • Attaches to 1st metacarpal, radius, ulna
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48
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis

A
  • Extends the MP joints of the thumb, extends wrist weakly
  • Attached to the radius, proximal phalanx of thumb
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49
Q

Extensor pollicis longus

A
  • Extends MP and IP joints of the thumb, extends wrist weakly
  • Attached to the radius, distal phalanx of thumb
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50
Q

Summary of muscle actions at the elbow or forearm

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Protonation
  • Supination
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51
Q

Muscles that allow for extension at the forearm

A
  • Triceps brachii (agonist)
  • (Anconeus)

*parentheses = slight effect

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52
Q

Muscles that allow for extension of the forearm

A
  • Brachialis (agonist)
  • Bicep brachii (synergist)
  • Brachioradialis (synergist)
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53
Q

Muscles that allow for protonation at the forearm

A

Pronator teres

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54
Q

Muscles that allow for supination of the forearm

A
  • Biceps brachii (agonist)
  • Supinator (synergist)
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55
Q

Muscle actions at the glenohumeral joint/arm

A
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Lateral rotation
  • Medial rotation
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56
Q

What muscles causes abduction at the arm?

A
  • Deltoid (middle fibers)
  • Supraspinatus (synergist)
57
Q

What muscles causes adduction of the arm?

A
  • Latissimus dorsi (agonist)
  • Pectoralis major (agonist)
  • Coracobrachialis (synergist)
  • Teres major
  • Teres minor
  • Infraspinatus
58
Q

What muscles causes extension at the arm?

A
  • Latissimus dorsi (agonist)
  • Deltoid (posterior fibers) (agonist)
  • Teres major (synergist)
  • Long head of triceps brachii (synergist)
59
Q

What muscles cause flexion of the arm?

A
  • Pectoralis major (agonist)
  • Deltoid (anterior fibers) (agonist)
  • Coracobrachialis (synergist)
  • (Biceps brachii)
60
Q

What muscles cause lateral rotation of the arm?

A
  • Infraspinatus (agonist)
  • Teres minor (agonist)
  • Deltoid (posterior fibers) (synergist)
61
Q

What muscles cause medial rotation of the arm?

A
  • Subscapularis (agonist)
  • Deltoid (anterior fibers) (synergist)
  • Latissimus dorsi (synergist)
  • Pectoralis major (synergist)
  • Teres major (synergist)
62
Q

Muscle actions at the wrist and hand

A
  • Hand abduction (radial deviation)
  • Hand adduction (ulnar deviation)
  • Wrist extension
  • Wrist flexion
  • Finger abduction
  • Finger adduction
  • IP joint extension
  • IP joint flexion
63
Q

What muscles cause hand abduction?

A
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Flexor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
64
Q

What muscles cause hand adduction?

A
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
65
Q

What muscles cause wrist flexion?

A
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • (Palmaris longus)
  • (Flexor pollicis longus)
66
Q

What muscles cause wrist extension?

A
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • (Extensor pollicis longus)
  • (Extensor pollicis brevis)
  • (Abductor pollicis longus)
67
Q

What muscles causes finger abduction?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus
68
Q

What muscles causes finger adduction?

A
  • Adductor pollicis
69
Q

What muscles causes IP joint extension?

A
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
70
Q

What muscles cause IP joint flexion?

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor pollicis brevis
  • Flexor pollicis longus
71
Q

Muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

A
  • Pelvic diaphragm
  • Urogenital diaphragm
  • Muscles of the superficial space
72
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle or group of muscles that covers or partitions an opening

73
Q

Pelvic diaphragm

A

Floor of the pelvic cavity

Formed by 3 layers of muscle

74
Q

Muscles of the most deepest and superior layer of the pelvic diaphragm

A
  • Levator ani
  • Coccygeus
75
Q

Coccygeus

A
  • Pulls the coccyx anteriorly after posterior deflection during defecation or childbirth
  • Forms the pelvic floor and supports pelvic viscera
  • Attached to the sacrum and ischium
76
Q

Levator ani

A
  • Largest and most important collection of muscles in the pelvic floor
  • Supports pelvic viscera
  • Functions as a sphincter at the anorectal junction, urethra, and vagina
  • Forms the anterior and lateral parts of the pelvic diaphragm
77
Q

Parts of the levator ani

A
  • Pubococcygeus
  • Iliococcygeus
78
Q

Iliococcygeus, Pubococcygeus

A
  • Forms pelvic floor and supports pelvic viscera
  • Attached to pubis, ischium, coccyx
79
Q

The deep layer of the urogenital diaphragm is composed of what muscles?

A
  • Deep transverse perineus
  • Sphincter urethrae
80
Q

Deep transverse perineus/ deep transverse perineal muscle

A
  • Supports pelvic organs
  • Attached to the ischium
81
Q

External urethra sphincter/ sphincter urethrae

A
  • Constricts urethra to voluntarily inhibit urination
  • Encircles urethra
82
Q

The superficial layer of the urogenital diaphragm is composed of what muscles?

A
  • Bulbospongiosus
  • Ischiocavernosus
  • Superficial transverse perineus
83
Q

Ischiocavernosus

A
  • Assists erection of penis or clitoris
  • Attached to ischium and pubic symphysis
84
Q

Bulbospongius (female)

A
  • Narrows vaginal opening
  • Attaches to perineal body and sheath of collagen fibers at base of clitoris
85
Q

Bulbospongius (male)

A
  • Ejects urine or semen
  • Attaches to sheath of collagen fibers at base of penis and perineal body
86
Q

Superficial transverse perineus

A
  • Supports pelvic organs
  • Attached to the ischium and perineal body
87
Q

Muscles which move the thigh or leg

A
  • Iliacus
  • Psoas major
  • Sartorius
  • Adductor magnus
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Pectineus
  • Gracilis
  • Quadriceps
  • Tensor fasciae latae
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Piriformis
  • Hamstrings
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Peroneus/ fibularis longus
  • Peroneus/ fibularis brevis
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Popliteus
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Tibialis posterior
88
Q

Iliacus

A
  • Flexes the thigh
  • Attached to the ilium, femur
89
Q

Psoas major

A
  • Flexes the thigh
  • Attached to T12 and lumbar vertebrae and femur
90
Q

The iliacus and psoas major merge and attach to the __________ and are collectively known as the _____

A

femur, iliopsoas

91
Q

Sartorius

A
  • Flexes thigh and rotates thigh laterally
  • Attaches to the ilium and tibia
92
Q

Muscles of the anterior thigh compartment (thigh flexors)

A
  • Iliacus
  • Psoas major
  • Sartorius
93
Q

Muscles of the medial thigh compartment (thigh adductors)

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracialis
  • Pectineus
94
Q

Adductor longus

A
  • Adducts thigh
  • Attached to the femur and pubis
95
Q

Adductor brevis

A
  • Adducts the thigh
  • Attached to the femur and pubis
96
Q

Adductor magnus

A
  • Adducts the thigh
  • Attached to the femur, pubis, and ischium
  • Deep to adductor brevis and longus
97
Q

Pectineus

A
  • Adducts the thigh
  • Attached to the pubis and femur
98
Q

Gracialis

A
  • Adducts and flexes the thigh
  • Attached to the tibia, pubis
  • Most medial
99
Q

Quadriceps femoris/ Quadriceps

A

Most powerful muscle in the body, agonist of knee extension

100
Q

The quadriceps makes up the __________ compartment of the thigh

A

anterior (extensor)

101
Q

The quadriceps femoris is a composite muscle of 4 heads, which are?

A
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
102
Q

Rectus femoris

A
  • On anterior surface of thigh
  • Extends the leg
  • Attached to the ilium, patella, tibia
103
Q

Vastus intermedius

A
  • Extends the leg
  • Deep to the rectus femoris
  • Between the vastus medialis and lateralis
  • Attached to the tibia, patella, femur
104
Q

Vastus lateralis

A
  • Extends the leg
  • Forms the anterolateral surface of the thigh
  • Attached to the femur, patella, tibia
105
Q

Vastus medialis

A
  • Extends the leg
  • Forms the anteromedial surface of the thigh
  • Attached to the femur, patella, tibia
106
Q

What muscles compose the lateral thigh (thigh abductor)?

A

Tensor fasciae latae

107
Q

Tensor fasciae latae

A
  • Abducts the thigh
  • Attached to the iliotibial (IT) tract/band and ilium
108
Q

Muscles of the gluteal group

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Gluteus medius
109
Q

Gluteus maximus

A
  • Extends the thigh
  • Attached to the ilium, sacrum, coccyx, femur
110
Q

Gluteus minimus

A
  • Abducts the thigh
  • Attached to the ileum, femur
  • Deep to the gluteal medius
111
Q

Gluteus medius

A
  • Abducts the thigh
  • Attached to the ileum, femur
112
Q

Piriformis

A
  • Deep muscle of the gluteus maximus, inferior to gluteal minimus
  • Laterally rotates thigh
  • Attached to the femur, sacrum
113
Q

The posterior thigh (thigh extensor and leg flexor) region is AKA __________

A

hamstring

114
Q

Muscles of the hamstrings

A
  • Biceps femoris (long and short head)
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
115
Q

Biceps femoris

A
  • Extends the thigh (long head)
  • Flexes leg (both heads)
  • Laterally rotates leg
  • Long head: attached to ischium
  • Short head: attached to femur
  • Attached to fibula
  • Most lateral of hamstrings
116
Q

Semimembranosus

A
  • Extends thigh and flexes leg
  • Attached to the ischium, tibia
  • Most medial of hamstrings
117
Q

Semitendinosus

A
  • Extends thigh and flexes leg
  • Attached to the ischium and tibia
118
Q

Muscle actions at the hip joint/ thigh

A
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Lateral rotation
  • Medial rotation
119
Q

Muscles that abduct the thigh

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimis
  • Tensor fasciae latae
120
Q

Muscles that adduct the thigh

A
  • Adductor brevis, longus, magnus
  • Gracialis
  • Pectineus
121
Q

Muscles that extend the thigh

A
  • Gluteus maximus (agonist)
  • Adductor magnus
  • Biceps femoris (long head)
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
122
Q

Muscles that flex the thigh

A
  • Iliopsoas (agonist)
  • Adductor brevis, longus, magnus
  • Pectineus
  • Sartorius
  • Rectus femoris
  • Gracialis
123
Q

Muscles that laterally rotate the thigh

A
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Sartorius
  • Piriformis
124
Q

Muscles that medially rotate the thigh

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fasciae latae
125
Q

Leg flexor muscles

A
  • Sartorius
  • Gracilis
  • Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
126
Q

Muscles of the anterior leg (dorsiflexors and toe extensors)

A
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Tibialis anterior
127
Q

Tibialis anterior

A
  • Dorsiflexes foot
  • Attached to tibia, metatarsal I, 1st medial cuneiform
128
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A
  • Extends toes 2-5
  • Attached to tibia, fibula, distal phalanges 2-5
129
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A
  • Extends great toe/ toe 1
  • Attached to fibula, distal phalanx 1
130
Q

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (evertors, weak plantar flexors)

A
  • Fibularis/peroneus longus
  • Fibularis/peroneus brevis
131
Q

Fibularis longus

A
  • Everts foot
  • Attached to fibula, tibia, metatarsal I, medial cuneiform
132
Q

Fibularis brevis

A
  • Everts foot
  • Attached to fibula, metatarsal V
133
Q

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg (plantar flexors, flexors of the legs and toes)

A

Superficial layer:
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus

Deep layer:
- Tibialis posterior
- Popliteus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Flexor digitorum longus

134
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • Flexes leg
  • Attached to the femur and calcaneus
135
Q

Soleus

A
  • Plantar flexes the foot
  • Attached to the fibula, tibia, calcaneus
136
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A
  • Plantar flexes the foot
  • Attached to the distal phalanges 2-5, tibia
  • Most medial
137
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

A
  • Plantar flexes the foot
  • Attached to fibula, distal phalanx 1
138
Q

Tibialis posterior

A
  • Plantar flexes the foot
  • Attached to the fibula, tibia, metatarsals II-V, navicular, cuboid, all cuneiforms
139
Q
A

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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