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CH 12 Flashcards

Appendicular muscles

1
Q

Moving the ____________ is the same as moving the arm or the humerus

A

glenohumeral joint

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2
Q

Muscles that move the arm

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Latissimus major
  • Deltoid
  • Subscapularis
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres major
  • Teres minor
  • Coracobrachialis
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3
Q

The glenohumeral joint is crossed by ____ muscles

A

11

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4
Q

__________ and __________ are the primary attachments of the arm to the trunk

A

Pectoralis major and latissimus major

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5
Q

Latissimus major

A
  • Broad, triangular located on the inferior back
  • Inferior to the trapezius
  • AKA swimmer’s muscle since many of its actions are required for certain swimming strokes
  • Agonist of arm extension
  • Attached to humerus and thoracic vertebrae, iliac
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6
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • Large, thick, fan-shaped
  • Covers the superior part of the thorax
  • Agonist of arm flexion
  • Attached to clavicle, sternum, humerus
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7
Q

Deltoid

A
  • Thick
  • Forms the rounded contour of the shoulder
  • Anterior fibers: flex and medially rotate arm
  • Middle fibers: agonist of arm abduction
  • Posterior fibers: extend and laterally rotate arm
  • Attaches to clavicle, scapula, and humerus
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8
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Provide strength and stability to glenohumeral joint

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9
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

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10
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • Anteriorly deep to pectoralis minor and coracobrachialis
  • Posteriorly deep to infraspinatus and supraspinatus
  • Winding up to pitch a ball, medially rotates
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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11
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Deep to deltoid
  • Executes the pitch, abducts arm
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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12
Q

Infraspinatus

A
  • Adducts and laterally rotates arm
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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13
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Abducts arm
  • Attached to scapula and humerus
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14
Q

Teres major

Teres = round

A
  • Posterior arm muscle
  • Larger and inferior to the teres minor
  • Works synergistically with the latissimus dorsi to extend, adduct, and medially rotate the arm
  • Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm
  • Attaches to the scapula and humerus
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15
Q

Teres minor

A
  • Smaller and superior to the teres major
  • Deep to the infraspinatus
  • Adducts and laterally rotates the arm
  • Attaches to the scapula and humerus
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16
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  • Works synergistically with the pectoralis major to flex and abduct the arm
  • Attaches to the scapula and humerus
  • Deep to deltoid and biceps
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17
Q

Muscles that move the forearm

A
  • Triceps brachii (long, medial, lateral head)
  • Anconeus
  • Biceps brachii (long and short head)
  • Brachialis
  • Brachioradiolis
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18
Q

Triceps brachii

A
  • Large, three-headed muscle on the posterior surface of the arm
  • Primary extensor of the forearm
  • Attached to ulna
  • Long head: attached to the scapula
  • Medial and lateral head: attached to humerus
  • Long head is medial, the longest
  • Lateral head is lateral
  • Medial head is anterior
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19
Q

Which head of the triceps brachii also extends and abducts the arm?

A

long

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20
Q

Anchoneus

A
  • Small
  • Weak elbow extensor
  • Extends forearm
  • Attached to ulna and humerus
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21
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  • Large, two-headed muscle
  • Flexes forearm, powerful supinator of forearm
  • Attached to radius
  • Long head and short head: attached to scapula
  • Medial long head
  • Lateral short head
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22
Q

Brachialis

A
  • Deep to the biceps brachii
  • Primary flexor of the forearm
  • Attached to the humerus and ulna
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23
Q

Brachioradialis

A
  • Flexes forearm
  • Attached to the humerus and radius
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24
Q

Muscles which move the hands or fingers

A
  • Pronator teres
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Palmaris longus
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Supinator
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
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25
Which muscle(s) compose the superficial layer of the anterior forearm?
Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
26
Pronator teres
- Rotate the radius across the anterior surface of the ulna to protonate the forearm - Superficial - Attaches to the humerus, ulna, and radius
27
Flexor carpi radialis
- Extends diagonally across the anterior surface of the forearm - Flexes the wrist and abducts (radial deviation) the hand - Superficial - Attaches to the humerus and metacarpals
28
Palmaris longus
- Narrow - Absent in about 10% of individuals - Weak wrist flexor - Superficial - Attaches to the humerus, flexor retinaculum, and palmar aponeurosis
29
Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Anteromedial side of forearm - Flexes wrist and adducts (ulnar deviation) hand - Superficial - Attaches to the radius, ulna, pisiform, hamate, and metacarpal V
30
Which muscle(s) compose the intermediate layer of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
31
Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexes wrist, 2nd to 5th MP joints, PIP joints - Attaches to the humerus, ulna, and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
32
The flexor digitorum superficialis splits into _________________
4 tendons that attach to middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
33
What is a PIP joint?
Proximal interphalangeal joint
34
What is a MP joint?
Metacarpophalangeal joint
35
Which muscles compose the deep layer of the anterior forearm?
lateral: Flexor pollicis longus medial: Flexor digitorum profundus
36
Flexor pollicis longus
- Flexes the MP and IP joint of thumb - Attaches to radius, distal phalanx of the thumb, interosseus membrane
37
What is an IP joint?
Interphalangeal joint
38
Flexor digitorum profundus
- Flexes wrist, 2nd-5th MP joints, PIP and DIP joints
39
What is a DIP joint?
Distal interphalangeal joint
40
Which muscle(s) compose the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
- Extensor carpi radialis longus (most lateral) - Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Extensor digitorum - Extensor carpi ulnaris (most medial)
41
Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Long, tapered - Medial to the brachioradialis - Extends wrists, abducts hand - Attaches to humerus, base of metacarpal II
42
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Works synergistically with the extensor carpi radialis longus to extend the wrist and abduct the hand - Attaches to the humerus, base of metacarpal III
43
Extensor digitorum
- Splits into 4 tendons - Attaches to the humerus, distal and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5 - Extends the wrist, MP, DIP, PIP joints of fingers 2-5
44
Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extends the wrist, adducts the hand - Attaches to the radius, ulna, and base of metacarpal V
45
What are the muscle(s) that compose the deep layer of the posterior forearm?
(lateral) - Supinator - Abductor pollicis longus - Extensor pollicis brevis - Extensor pollicis longus (medial)
46
Supinator
- Posterior forearm - Works synergistically with biceps brachii to supinate the forearm - Attaches to the humerus, radius, ulna
47
Abductor pollicis brevis
- Abducts the thumb, weakly extends the wrist - Attaches to 1st metacarpal, radius, ulna
48
Extensor pollicis brevis
- Extends the MP joints of the thumb, extends wrist weakly - Attached to the radius, proximal phalanx of thumb
49
Extensor pollicis longus
- Extends MP and IP joints of the thumb, extends wrist weakly - Attached to the radius, distal phalanx of thumb
50
Summary of muscle actions at the elbow or forearm
- Flexion - Extension - Protonation - Supination
51
Muscles that allow for extension at the forearm
- Triceps brachii (agonist) - (Anconeus) *parentheses = slight effect
52
Muscles that allow for extension of the forearm
- Brachialis (agonist) - Bicep brachii (synergist) - Brachioradialis (synergist)
53
Muscles that allow for protonation at the forearm
Pronator teres
54
Muscles that allow for supination of the forearm
- Biceps brachii (agonist) - Supinator (synergist)
55
Muscle actions at the glenohumeral joint/arm
- Abduction - Adduction - Flexion - Extension - Lateral rotation - Medial rotation
56
What muscles causes abduction at the arm?
- Deltoid (middle fibers) - Supraspinatus (synergist)
57
What muscles causes adduction of the arm?
- Latissimus dorsi (agonist) - Pectoralis major (agonist) - Coracobrachialis (synergist) - Teres major - Teres minor - Infraspinatus
58
What muscles causes extension at the arm?
- Latissimus dorsi (agonist) - Deltoid (posterior fibers) (agonist) - Teres major (synergist) - Long head of triceps brachii (synergist)
59
What muscles cause flexion of the arm?
- Pectoralis major (agonist) - Deltoid (anterior fibers) (agonist) - Coracobrachialis (synergist) - (Biceps brachii)
60
What muscles cause lateral rotation of the arm?
- Infraspinatus (agonist) - Teres minor (agonist) - Deltoid (posterior fibers) (synergist)
61
What muscles cause medial rotation of the arm?
- Subscapularis (agonist) - Deltoid (anterior fibers) (synergist) - Latissimus dorsi (synergist) - Pectoralis major (synergist) - Teres major (synergist)
62
Muscle actions at the wrist and hand
- Hand abduction (radial deviation) - Hand adduction (ulnar deviation) - Wrist extension - Wrist flexion - Finger abduction - Finger adduction - IP joint extension - IP joint flexion
63
What muscles cause hand abduction?
- Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor carpi radialis brevis - Extensor carpi radialis longus
64
What muscles cause hand adduction?
- Extensor carpi ulnaris - Flexor carpi ulnaris
65
What muscles cause wrist flexion?
- Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor digitorum superficialis - Flexor digitorum profundus - (Palmaris longus) - (Flexor pollicis longus)
66
What muscles cause wrist extension?
- Extensor digitorum - Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Extensor carpi radialis longus - Extensor carpi ulnaris - (Extensor pollicis longus) - (Extensor pollicis brevis) - (Abductor pollicis longus)
67
What muscles causes finger abduction?
- Abductor pollicis longus
68
What muscles causes finger adduction?
- Adductor pollicis
69
What muscles causes IP joint extension?
- Extensor digitorum - Extensor pollicis brevis - Extensor pollicis longus
70
What muscles cause IP joint flexion?
- Flexor digitorum profundus - Flexor digitorum superficialis - Flexor pollicis brevis - Flexor pollicis longus
71
Muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum
- Pelvic diaphragm - Urogenital diaphragm - Muscles of the superficial space
72
Diaphragm
Muscle or group of muscles that covers or partitions an opening
73
Pelvic diaphragm
Floor of the pelvic cavity Formed by 3 layers of muscle
74
Muscles of the most deepest and superior layer of the pelvic diaphragm
- Levator ani - Coccygeus
75
Coccygeus
- Pulls the coccyx anteriorly after posterior deflection during defecation or childbirth - Forms the pelvic floor and supports pelvic viscera - Attached to the sacrum and ischium
76
Levator ani
- Largest and most important collection of muscles in the pelvic floor - Supports pelvic viscera - Functions as a sphincter at the anorectal junction, urethra, and vagina - Forms the anterior and lateral parts of the pelvic diaphragm
77
Parts of the levator ani
- Pubococcygeus - Iliococcygeus
78
Iliococcygeus, Pubococcygeus
- Forms pelvic floor and supports pelvic viscera - Attached to pubis, ischium, coccyx
79
The deep layer of the urogenital diaphragm is composed of what muscles?
- Deep transverse perineus - Sphincter urethrae
80
Deep transverse perineus/ deep transverse perineal muscle
- Supports pelvic organs - Attached to the ischium
81
External urethra sphincter/ sphincter urethrae
- Constricts urethra to voluntarily inhibit urination - Encircles urethra
82
The superficial layer of the urogenital diaphragm is composed of what muscles?
- Bulbospongiosus - Ischiocavernosus - Superficial transverse perineus
83
Ischiocavernosus
- Assists erection of penis or clitoris - Attached to ischium and pubic symphysis
84
Bulbospongius (female)
- Narrows vaginal opening - Attaches to perineal body and sheath of collagen fibers at base of clitoris
85
Bulbospongius (male)
- Ejects urine or semen - Attaches to sheath of collagen fibers at base of penis and perineal body
86
Superficial transverse perineus
- Supports pelvic organs - Attached to the ischium and perineal body
87
Muscles which move the thigh or leg
- Iliacus - Psoas major - Sartorius - Adductor magnus - Adductor longus - Adductor brevis - Pectineus - Gracilis - Quadriceps - Tensor fasciae latae - Gluteus maximus - Gluteus minimus - Piriformis - Hamstrings - Tibialis anterior - Extensor digitorum longus - Extensor hallucis longus - Peroneus/ fibularis longus - Peroneus/ fibularis brevis - Gastrocnemius - Soleus - Popliteus - Flexor digitorum longus - Flexor hallucis longus - Tibialis posterior
88
Iliacus
- Flexes the thigh - Attached to the ilium, femur
89
Psoas major
- Flexes the thigh - Attached to T12 and lumbar vertebrae and femur
90
The iliacus and psoas major merge and attach to the __________ and are collectively known as the _____
femur, iliopsoas
91
Sartorius
- Flexes thigh and rotates thigh laterally - Attaches to the ilium and tibia
92
Muscles of the anterior thigh compartment (thigh flexors)
- Iliacus - Psoas major - Sartorius
93
Muscles of the medial thigh compartment (thigh adductors)
- Adductor longus - Adductor brevis - Adductor magnus - Gracialis - Pectineus
94
Adductor longus
- Adducts thigh - Attached to the femur and pubis
95
Adductor brevis
- Adducts the thigh - Attached to the femur and pubis
96
Adductor magnus
- Adducts the thigh - Attached to the femur, pubis, and ischium - Deep to adductor brevis and longus
97
Pectineus
- Adducts the thigh - Attached to the pubis and femur
98
Gracialis
- Adducts and flexes the thigh - Attached to the tibia, pubis - Most medial
99
Quadriceps femoris/ Quadriceps
Most powerful muscle in the body, agonist of knee extension
100
The quadriceps makes up the __________ compartment of the thigh
anterior (extensor)
101
The quadriceps femoris is a composite muscle of 4 heads, which are?
- Rectus femoris - Vastus lateralis - Vastus medialis - Vastus intermedius
102
Rectus femoris
- On anterior surface of thigh - Extends the leg - Attached to the ilium, patella, tibia
103
Vastus intermedius
- Extends the leg - Deep to the rectus femoris - Between the vastus medialis and lateralis - Attached to the tibia, patella, femur
104
Vastus lateralis
- Extends the leg - Forms the anterolateral surface of the thigh - Attached to the femur, patella, tibia
105
Vastus medialis
- Extends the leg - Forms the anteromedial surface of the thigh - Attached to the femur, patella, tibia
106
What muscles compose the lateral thigh (thigh abductor)?
Tensor fasciae latae
107
Tensor fasciae latae
- Abducts the thigh - Attached to the iliotibial (IT) tract/band and ilium
108
Muscles of the gluteal group
- Gluteus maximus - Gluteus minimus - Gluteus medius
109
Gluteus maximus
- Extends the thigh - Attached to the ilium, sacrum, coccyx, femur
110
Gluteus minimus
- Abducts the thigh - Attached to the ileum, femur - Deep to the gluteal medius
111
Gluteus medius
- Abducts the thigh - Attached to the ileum, femur
112
Piriformis
- Deep muscle of the gluteus maximus, inferior to gluteal minimus - Laterally rotates thigh - Attached to the femur, sacrum
113
The posterior thigh (thigh extensor and leg flexor) region is AKA __________
hamstring
114
Muscles of the hamstrings
- Biceps femoris (long and short head) - Semimembranosus - Semitendinosus
115
Biceps femoris
- Extends the thigh (long head) - Flexes leg (both heads) - Laterally rotates leg - Long head: attached to ischium - Short head: attached to femur - Attached to fibula - Most lateral of hamstrings
116
Semimembranosus
- Extends thigh and flexes leg - Attached to the ischium, tibia - Most medial of hamstrings
117
Semitendinosus
- Extends thigh and flexes leg - Attached to the ischium and tibia
118
Muscle actions at the hip joint/ thigh
- Abduction - Adduction - Extension - Flexion - Lateral rotation - Medial rotation
119
Muscles that abduct the thigh
- Gluteus medius - Gluteus minimis - Tensor fasciae latae
120
Muscles that adduct the thigh
- Adductor brevis, longus, magnus - Gracialis - Pectineus
121
Muscles that extend the thigh
- Gluteus maximus (agonist) - Adductor magnus - Biceps femoris (long head) - Semimembranosus - Semitendinosus
122
Muscles that flex the thigh
- Iliopsoas (agonist) - Adductor brevis, longus, magnus - Pectineus - Sartorius - Rectus femoris - Gracialis
123
Muscles that laterally rotate the thigh
- Adductor magnus - Gluteus maximus - Sartorius - Piriformis
124
Muscles that medially rotate the thigh
- Gluteus medius - Gluteus minimus - Tensor fasciae latae
125
Leg flexor muscles
- Sartorius - Gracilis - Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
126
Muscles of the anterior leg (dorsiflexors and toe extensors)
- Extensor digitorum longus - Extensor hallucis longus - Tibialis anterior
127
Tibialis anterior
- Dorsiflexes foot - Attached to tibia, metatarsal I, 1st medial cuneiform
128
Extensor digitorum longus
- Extends toes 2-5 - Attached to tibia, fibula, distal phalanges 2-5
129
Extensor hallucis longus
- Extends great toe/ toe 1 - Attached to fibula, distal phalanx 1
130
Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (evertors, weak plantar flexors)
- Fibularis/peroneus longus - Fibularis/peroneus brevis
131
Fibularis longus
- Everts foot - Attached to fibula, tibia, metatarsal I, medial cuneiform
132
Fibularis brevis
- Everts foot - Attached to fibula, metatarsal V
133
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg (plantar flexors, flexors of the legs and toes)
Superficial layer: - Gastrocnemius - Soleus Deep layer: - Tibialis posterior - Popliteus - Flexor hallucis longus - Flexor digitorum longus
134
Gastrocnemius
- Flexes leg - Attached to the femur and calcaneus
135
Soleus
- Plantar flexes the foot - Attached to the fibula, tibia, calcaneus
136
Flexor digitorum longus
- Plantar flexes the foot - Attached to the distal phalanges 2-5, tibia - Most medial
137
Flexor hallucis longus
- Plantar flexes the foot - Attached to fibula, distal phalanx 1
138
Tibialis posterior
- Plantar flexes the foot - Attached to the fibula, tibia, metatarsals II-V, navicular, cuboid, all cuneiforms
139

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