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ANATOMY > CH 11 > Flashcards

CH 11 Flashcards

Axial muscles

1
Q

Axial muscles

A

Muscles with attachment to the axial skeleton

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2
Q

Function of axial muscles

A
  • Support and move the head and spinal column
  • Affecting facial expression
  • Move the mandible during chewing
  • Assist in food processing and swallowing
  • Aid breathing
  • Support and protect abdominal and pelvic organs
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3
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A
  • Epicranius
  • Orbicularis oculi
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Risorius
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Buccinator
  • Platysma

Arise from subcutaneous layer (deep to skin) or to the skull bones

Attached to subcutaneous layer, so if muscle contracts, skin contorts and moves

Axial

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4
Q

Most muscles of facial expression are innervated by which nerve?

A

CN VII, the facial nerve

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5
Q

Epicranius

A

Composed of the occipitofrontalis muscle (red) and epicranial aponeurosis/ galea aponeurotica (white)

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6
Q

Frontal belly

A
  • Part of occipitofrontalis muscle
  • Moves scalp, eyebrows
  • Attached to epicranial aponeurosis

*front = forehead

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7
Q

Occipital belly

A
  • Part of occipitofrontalis muscle that covers the posterior sides of the head
  • Retracts the scalp
  • Located under the epicranial aponeurosis
  • Attached to occipital bone

*occipito = base of skull

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8
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A
  • Contains circular muscle fibers that surround the orbit
  • Closes eye
  • Attached to medial wall of orbit (lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary)
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9
Q

Zygomaticus major

A
  • Elevates corner of mouth to smile
  • Attaches to zygomatic bone
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10
Q

Risorius

A
  • Retracts corners of mouth in closed mouth smile
  • Not attached to bone, attached to skin at angle of mouth
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11
Q

Orbicularis oris

A
  • Contains circular muscle fibers that surround the mouth
  • Compress and purses lips to kiss
  • Attached to maxilla and mandible
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12
Q

Buccinator

A
  • Compresses cheek when we chew
  • Attached to alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
  • Deep to risorius and zygomaticus muscles
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13
Q

Platysma

A
  • Neck muscle
  • Pulls lower lip inferiorly
  • Attached to scapula
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14
Q

Mastication

A

Process of chewing

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15
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Lateral pterygoid

These axial muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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16
Q

Muscles of mastication are innervated by _________

A

CN V, trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

Masseter

A
  • Elevates and protracts (move forward) the mandible (primary jaw closer)
  • Attached to zygomatic arch of temporalis bone
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18
Q

Temporalis

A
  • Elevates and retracts (move backward) the mandible
  • Attached to parietal bones
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19
Q

Medial pterygoid

A
  • Elevates and protracts the mandible
  • Attached to maxilla, palatine, and pterygoid plate of sphenoid
  • Deep to masseter
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20
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A
  • Protracts the mandible
  • Attached to pterygoid plate of sphenoid
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21
Q

Muscles of neck and back

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
  • Splenius capitis
  • Erector spinae
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22
Q

Anterolateral neck muscles

A

Muscles that flex the head and/or neck

Includes sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

Axial

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23
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A
  • Thick, cordlike
  • Attaches to sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of temporal bone
  • Deep to the platysma
  • Unilateral action: lateral flexion, movement of head to side
  • Bilateral action: flexes neck
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24
Q

Unilateral contraction

A

Contraction of one muscle

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25
Q

Scalene muscles

A
  • Anterior, middle, posterior
  • Flexes neck
  • Attaches to transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
  • Deep to the sternocleidomastoid
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26
Q

Bilateral contraction

A

Contraction of both (2) muscles

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27
Q

Posterior neck muscles

A

Extend the head and/or neck

Includes the splenius capitis

28
Q

Splenius capitis

A
  • Posterior neck muscle
  • Unilateral action: turns the head to the same side
  • Bilateral action: extends head/neck
  • Attaches to occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone
  • Deep to the trapezius
29
Q

Erectus spinae

A
  • Group of muscles that help maintain posture and helps an individual stay erect
  • Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis groups
  • Unilateral action of iliocostalis: laterally flexes vertebral column
  • Bilateral action of all: extends vertebral column, maintains posture
  • Deeper layer
30
Q

Neck

A

Cervical portion of the vertebral column

31
Q

Muscles of respiration

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostals
  • Internal intercostals

Axial

32
Q

Where are the muscles of respiration?

A

On the surface of the thorax

33
Q

The process of respiration involves _______________ and ___________

A

inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration)

34
Q

Inhalation (inspiration)

A

contraction of several muscles to increase thoracic cavity dimensions, allowing the lungs to fill with air

35
Q

Exhalation (expiration)

A

contraction and relaxation of some respiratory muscles, decreasing the thoracic cavity dimensions, forcing air out of the lungs

36
Q

Breathing may be _______ at rest or _________ during exertion

A

quiet, forced

37
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Internally placed, dome-shaped muscle that forms a partition between the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
  • Deep to the internal intercostals, deeper to the external intercostals
  • Contraction causes flattening of the diaphragm (moves inferiorly), and thus expansion of the thoracic cavity and increases pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity
  • Attaches to ribs, xiphoid process of the sternum, costal cartilage, and lumbar vertebrae
38
Q

Internal intercostals

A
  • Deep and medial looking to the external intercostals
  • Muscle fibers are at right angles with external intercostals
  • Depress ribs during forced exhalation
  • Attaches to ribs
39
Q

External intercostals

A
  • Superficial to internal intercostals
  • Elevates ribs during forced inhalation
  • Attached to ribs
40
Q

Appendicular muscles

A
  • Control movement of upper and lower limbs
  • Stabilize and control movements of the pectoral and pelvic girdles
41
Q

Muscles of thorax

A
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Serratus anterior
  • Trapezius
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor

Axial

42
Q

Pectoralis minor

A
  • Thin, flat triangular
  • Deep and lateral looking to the pectoralis major
  • Protracts and depresses the scapula
  • Attaches to the ribs and scapula
43
Q

Serratus anterior

A
  • Large, flat fan-shaped
  • Saw-tooth serrated appearance
  • Deep to pectoralis minor
  • Agonist (prime mover) in scapula protraction
  • Attaches to scapula and ribs
44
Q

Trapezius

A
  • Posterior thoracic muscle
  • Large, flat, diamond shaped
  • Superior fibers: elevate and superiorly rotate scapula
  • Middle fibers: retract scapula
  • Inferior fibers: depress scapula
  • Attaches to occipital bone, vertebral column, scapula, clavicle
45
Q

Levator scapulae

A
  • Narrow, elongated
  • Deep to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
  • Elevates scapula
  • Attaches to cervical vertebrae and scapula
46
Q

Rhomboid major

A
  • Deep to the trapezius
  • Elevates and retracts (adducts) scapula
  • Attaches to thoracic vertebrae and scapula
  • Larger and inferior to rhomboid minor
47
Q

Rhomboid minor

A
  • Deep to trapezius
  • Elevates and retracts (adducts) scapula
  • Attaches to cervical and thoracic vertebrae and scapula
  • Smaller and superior to rhomboid major
48
Q

Retractors of scapula

A
  • Trapezius
  • Rhomboids
49
Q

Protractors of scapula

A
  • Serratus anterior
  • Pectoralis minor
50
Q

Elevators of scapula

A
  • Rhomboids
  • Levator scapulae
  • Trapezius (superior part)
51
Q

Superior rotators of scapula

A
  • Serratus anterior
  • Trapezius (superior part)
52
Q

Inferior rotators of scapula

A
  • Rhomboids
  • Levator scapulae
53
Q

Abdominal muscles

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Internal oblique
  • External oblique
  • Transversus abdominis

These muscles form the anterolateral walls of the abdomen

Compress and hold the abdominal muscles in place

54
Q

Result of action of the abdominal muscles

A

Increases abdominal pressure

55
Q

The abdominal muscles are used in __________ (action)

A

forced exhalation

56
Q

Which of the following abdominal muscles not flex the vertebral column?

Internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

A

Transverse abdominis

57
Q

Muscle fibers of the internal oblique project _________

A

superomedially

This is at a right angle to the external oblique

58
Q

Muscle fibers of the external oblique are directed _______

A

inferomedially

59
Q

External oblique

A
  • Superficial
  • Forms an aponeurosis as it projects anteriorly
  • Unilateral action: lateral flexion of the vertebral column
  • Bilateral action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
  • Attaches to ribs and linea alba (connective tissue at the front of the abdomen) and iliac crest of os coxa
60
Q

Internal oblique

A
  • Deep to the external oblique
  • Forms an aponeurosis as it extends anteriorly
  • Unilateral action: lateral flexion of the vertebral column
  • Bilateral action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal walls
  • Attaches to lumbar fascia, iliac and pubic crest, inferior ribs, linea alba
61
Q

Transversus abdominis

A
  • Deepest muscle (to external oblique), deep to internal oblique
  • Fibers travel transversely
  • Bilateral action: compresses abdominal wall
  • Attaches to iliac and pubic crest, linea alba, lumbar fascia
62
Q

Rectus abdominis

A
  • Long, straplike
  • Extends vertically at entire length of anteromedial abdominal wall
  • Flexes vertebral column
  • Attaches to xiphoid process of sternum, ribs, pubis
63
Q

The rectus abdominis is partioned into _______ sections by ____ fibrous ____________ which forms the traditional “six pack” of a muscular, toned abdominal wall

A

4; 3; tendinous intersections

64
Q

Rectus sheath

A

Fibrous sleeve that encloses the rectus abdominis

65
Q

The rectus sheath is formed by ___________

A

aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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