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CH 1 Flashcards

Intro to anatomy, body systems, sections, planes, directional terms

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure

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2
Q

Greek derivation of anatomy

A

To cut apart
Ana - separate
Tom - cut

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Study of function of body structures

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Internal equilibrium maintained by all organ systems working together

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5
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Examines structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes cytology and histology

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6
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cell structure

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7
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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8
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

AKA macroscopic anatomy

Examines structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye

Includes:
- Systemic anatomy
- Regional anatomy
- Surface anatomy
- Embryology

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9
Q

Embryology

A

Study of developing structures in an embryo (during gestation, weeks 2-8)

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10
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Study of developing structures from conception to early adulthood/ maturity

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11
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of superficial structures (skin) on surface of the body in order to identify underlying anatomy

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12
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Study of gross anatomy of each organ system in the body

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13
Q

Tissue

A

Precise organizations of similar cells that perform the specialized functions

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14
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions

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15
Q

Highest level of structural organization in the body

A

Organismal level

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16
Q

How many body systems are there? What are they?

A

11
*12 if you consider male and female reproductive systems to be separate

Run Mrs. Lidec

R- reproductive
U - urinary
N - nervous

M - muscular
R - respiratory
S - skeletal

L - lympathic
I - integumentary
D - digestive
E - endocrine
C - cardiovascular

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17
Q

Integumentary system functions

A
  • Protection
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Site of cutaneous receptors
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
  • Prevents water loss
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18
Q

Skeletal system functions

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production)
  • Stores calcium and phosphorous
  • Site for muscle attachment
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19
Q

Muscular system functions

A
  • Provides body movement
  • Generates heat when muscles contract
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20
Q

Nervous system functions

A

As a regulatory body system:
- Controls body movement
- Responds to sensory stimuli
- Controls other body systems
- Responsible for consciousness, memory, intelligence

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21
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

Consists of cell clusters and glands that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in body, and reproductive functions

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22
Q

Cardiovascular system functions

A
  • Consists of heart, blood, and blood vessels
  • Heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases and pick up waste products
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23
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A
  • Transports and filters lymph (interstitial [fluid found between cells] fluid transported through lymph vessels)
  • Initiates immune response when necessary
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24
Q

Respiratory system function

A

Gas exchange of oxygen and CO2 between blood and air in the lungs

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25
Digestive system function
- Mechanically and chemically breaks down food - Absorbs nutrients - Expels waste products
26
Urinary system functions
Filters blood, removes waste products from blood by concentrating into urine and expelling out of the body
27
Male reproductive system function
- Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones (e.g. testosterone) - Transfers sperm to female
28
Female reproductive system function
- Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone) - Site of fertilization of oocyte after receiving sperm from male - Site of development of embryo and fetus - Produces and secretes breast milk for nourishing newborns
29
Section
Real cuts or slices through a structure to examine internal anatomy
30
Plane
Imaginary cut passing through the body or an organ to examine internal anatomy
31
Coronal plane AKA frontal plane
Vertical plane that divides the plane into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
32
Transverse plane AKA cross-sectional or horizontal plane
Plane cutting perpendicularly that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
33
Midsagittal plane AKA Median plane
Plane extending through the body vertically and divides the body into right and left halves
34
Sagittal plane
Plane dividing the structure into right and left halves that may or may not be equal
35
Oblique planes
Minor planes that pass through the specimen at an angle
36
Anatomic position
-Individual stands upright with feet parallel and flat to the floor - Head is level - Eyes looking forward - Arms at side of the body with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
37
Anterior
In front of; toward the front surface
38
Posterior
In back of; toward the back system
39
Dorsal
Toward the back side of human body (analogous to posterior)
40
Ventral
Toward the front side of the human body (analogous to anterior)
41
Superior
Closer to the head
42
Inferior
Closer to the feet
43
Caudal
At the rear or tail end
44
Cranial (cephalic)
At the head end
45
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
46
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
47
Deep
On the inside, internal to
48
Superficial
On the outside, external to
49
Proximal
Closest to point of attachment on the trunk
50
Distal
Furthest from point of attachment on the trunk
51
Two major regions
Axial (head, neck, trunk/torso) Appendicular
52
Two cavities that compose the posterior aspect/ dorsal body cavities
Cranial cavity AKA endocranium: enclosed by the cranium (bones that enclose the brain) Vertebral cavity: formed by the bones of the vertebral column that contains the spinal column
53
Ventral body cavity
Large, anteriorly placed cavity
54
Two cavities that compose the ventral cavity
Superior thoracic Inferior abdominopelvic
55
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Thoracic diaphragm
56
Serous membranes line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that are not open to the outside. Function(s)?
Secretes watery serous fluid to reduce friction between organs as they slide against each other
57
How many and what layers comprise serous membranes?
2; a parietal layer that lines the inside and a visceral layer that lines the external surface of organs
58
Potential space
Space between layers that are capable of becoming larger cavities Between the visceral and parietal serous layers is the serous cavity
59
3 serous membranes/ cavities
Pericardial: around heart Peritoneal: around abdominal organs Pleural: around lungs
60
What cavities comprise the abdominopelvic region?
Abdominal cavity that is superior to the pelvic brim Pelvic cavity that is inferior to the pelvic brim
61
9 abdominopelvic regions
- Right hypochondriac - Epigastric - Left hypochondriac - Right lumbar - Umbilical - Left lumbar - Right iliac - Hypogastric - Left iliac
62
4 abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
63
Axillary
Armpit
64
Popliteal
Area posterior to the knees
65
Antebrachial
Forearm (between elbow and wrist)
66
Brachial
Arm (between shoulder and elbow)
67
Plantar
Sole of the foot

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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