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ANATOMY > CH 16 > Flashcards

CH 16 Flashcards

Spinal cord

1
Q

Spinal cord meninges and structure of spinal cord

A
  • Epidural space
  • Dura mater
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
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2
Q

Epidural space

A
  • Actual space between the dura mater and periosteum of the vertebrae
  • Contains areolar CT, blood vessels, adipose tissue
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3
Q

Dura mater

A
  • Most external of the meninges
  • Fuses with CT layers that surround spinal nerves
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4
Q

Subdural space

A

Narrow potential space that separates the dura mater from the arachnoid

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5
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Deep to dura mater and subdural space

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6
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Actual space filled with CSF

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7
Q

Pia mater

A
  • Innermost meningeal layer that adheres directly to the spinal cord
  • Delicate layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers that support some blood vessels supplied to the spinal cord
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8
Q

Spinal cord is continuous with the _______

A

medulla

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9
Q

Spinal cord gross anatomy

A
  • Conus medullaris/ medullary cone
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cauda equina
  • Filum terminale
  • Enlargements
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10
Q

Pairs of spinal nerves exit cord and travel through ______________

A

intervertebral foramina

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11
Q

Conus medullaris/ medullary cone

A

Cone-shaped end of spinal cord; located at L1-L2

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12
Q

Cauda equina

A

Axons traveling through vertebral canal inferior to conus medullaris

Nerve roots that look like a horse’s tail

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13
Q

Nerve root

A

Initial portion of nerve that that originates directly from CNS

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14
Q

Nerve ramus

A

Branch of nerve

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15
Q

Filum terminale

A

Thin strand of pia mater that anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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16
Q

Enlargements

A

Regions where the spinal cord has a greater diameter because more neuron cell bodies are there and more space is occupied by axons and dendrites

Part of the spinal cord that controls the upper and lower limbs

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17
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Where nerves exit and supplies (contains neurons that innervate) upper extremities; Located in inferior cervical portion of spinal cord

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18
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement

A

Where nerves exit and supplies lower extremities

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19
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord

A
  • Anterior horns
  • Lateral horns
  • Posterior horns
  • Central canal

Gray matter is centrally located

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20
Q

Anterior horns

A
  • Anterior masses of gray matter
  • Contains cell bodies of somatic motor neuron
  • Supply skeletal muscle
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21
Q

Lateral horns

A
  • Lateral masses of gray matter in T1-L2
  • Contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons exiting cord
  • Supplies cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
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22
Q

Posterior horns

A
  • Posterior masses of gray matter
  • Sensory neurons enter cord here
  • Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons
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23
Q

Funiculus

A

Partitions white matter of spinal cord into 3 portions (anterior, posterior, lateral)

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24
Q

Tract

A

Smaller structural units that organizes axons of funiculus

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25
Q

Ascending tract

A

Tract from spinal cord to brain

Conduct sensory impulses

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26
Q

Descending tract

A

Tract from brain to spinal cord

Conduct motor commands

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27
Q

Posterior/dorsal median sulcus

A

Narrow, deep groove that dips internally on posterior surface

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28
Q

Anterior/ ventral median fissure

A

Slightly wider, shallow groove that dips internally on anterior surface

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29
Q

Subdivisions of spinal cord

A
  • Cervical part
  • Thoracic part
  • Lumbar part
  • Sacral part
  • Coccygeal part

Note: Parts of spinal cord do not match up with vertebrae because growth of vertebrae is longer than growth of spinal cord

30
Q

Cervical part

A
  • Superiormost region of spinal cord
  • Continuous with medulla
  • Contains motor neurons whose axons contribute to cervical spinal nerves and receives input from sensory neurons through spinal nerves
31
Q

Thoracic part

A
  • Inferior to cervical part
  • Contains neurons for thoracic spinal nerves
32
Q

Lumbar part

A
  • Contains neurons for lumbar spinal nerves
33
Q

Sacral part

A
  • Inferior to lumbar part
  • Contains neurons for sacral spinal nerves
34
Q

Coccygeal part

A
  • Most inferior tip of spinal cord
35
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs
  • All are mixed (contains both sensory and motor axons)
  • Have CT wrappings (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium)
  • Travel through intervertebral foramina
  • Named like vertebrae
36
Q

Structure of spinal nerve

A
  • Anterior/ posterior root
  • Anterior/ posterior ramus
37
Q

Roots come together to form a ___________

A

spinal nerve

38
Q

Posterior root

A
  • Contains sensory neuron only
  • Unipolar neuron cell bodies located in posterior root ganglion
39
Q

Anterior root

A
  • Contains motor neuron only
  • Motor neuron cell bodies are located in anterior horn of gray matter
40
Q

Ramus

A

Branching of nerve

41
Q

Posterior ramus

A

Axons supply deep muscles and skin of back

42
Q

Anterior ramus

A

usually enters plexus and will supply upper trunk and limbs

43
Q

Nerve plexus

A

Network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves, usually forms on both sides of the body; Form new nerves that innervate body structures

44
Q

Major plexuses

A
  • Cervical
  • Brachial
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
45
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • Deep to each side of neck
  • Formed primarily by anterior rami of C1-C4
  • Contains phrenic nerve
46
Q

Phrenic nerve

A
  • Formed primarily by C4
  • Supplies diaphragm
47
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  • Supply upper limbs
  • Formed by anterior rami of C5-T1\
  • Innervates pectoral girdle and entire upper limb of one side
48
Q

5 major brachial plexus nerves

A
  • Axillary
  • Musculocutaneous
  • Radial
  • Median
  • Ulnar
49
Q

Axillary nerve

A
  • Supplies shoulder (teres minor and deltoid)
  • Receives sensory info from superolateral part of arm
50
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • Supplies upper arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis) that flex humerus and forearm
  • Receives sensory info from lateral surface of forearm
51
Q

Radial nerve

A
  • Supplies posterior arm (forearm extensors) and posterior forearm (extensors of wrist and digits and supinator of forearm)
  • Receives sensory info from posterior arm and forearm surface and dorsolateral side of hand
52
Q

Median nerve

A
  • Supplies anterior forearm
53
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

-Supplies anterior forearm (flexor carpi ulnaris, median half of flexor digitorum profundus)

54
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

Formed by anterior rami of L1-L4

55
Q

Lumbar plexus nerves

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve
56
Q

Femoral nerve

A
  • Supplies anterior thigh
  • Receives sensory info from anterior and inferomedial thigh and medial aspect of leg
57
Q

Obturator nerve

A
  • Supplies medial thigh that adduct the thigh
  • Travels through obturator foramen
  • Conducts sensory impulses from the superomedial skin of thigh
58
Q

Sacral plexus

A
  • Formed from anterior rami of L4-S4
  • Contains sciatic nerve
59
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Largest and longest nerve in the body, located in the sacral plexus

Composed of two nerves wrapped in a common sheath

60
Q

Sciatic nerve components

A
  • Tibial nerve (anterior)
  • Common fibular/ peroneal nerve (posterior)
61
Q

Tibial nerve

A
  • Supplies hamstrings and posterior compartment of leg (plantar flexors, toe flexors)
  • Conducts sensory impulses from skin covering sole of foot
62
Q

Common fibular/peroneal nerve

A
  • Supplies short head of biceps femoris
63
Q

Intercostal nerves

A
  • Anterior rami of T1-T11
  • Travel between ribs
  • Do not enter a plexus
  • Supplies skin and intercostal muscle
64
Q

Reflex

A

Short neuronal circuit allowing quick reaction to sensory stimuli; rapid, preprogrammed, involuntary responses of muscles or glands to a stimulus

May:
- Protect from tissue damage
- Maintain homeostasis
- Maintain optimal muscle length for contraction

65
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Sensory axons synapse directly onto motor neurons, whose axons project to the effector

Simplest reflex

Minor synaptic delay, prompt reflex (e.g. patellar reflex)

No interneurons involved

66
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

More complex pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons involving interneurons within the reflex arc

Prolonged delay between stimulus and response

e.g. crossed extensor reflex - withdraw foot from painful stimulus

67
Q

Reflex arc

A

Neural circuit of a single reflex

  • Always begins at receptor in PNS
  • Communicates with CNS
  • Ends with a peripheral effector (muscle or gland)
68
Q

Reflex arc components

A
  • Receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Integration center: CNS
  • Motor neuron
  • Effector
69
Q

Reflex arc steps

A

1) Stimulus activates sensory response

Sensory receptors (dendritic endings of sensory neuron) respond to internal and external stimuli (e.g. temperature, pressure, tactile changes)

2) Nerve impulse travels through sensory neuron to CNS

Sensory neurons conduct impulses from receptor into the spinal cord or brain

3) Information from nerve impulse is processed by integration center by interneurons

More complex reflexes may use a number of interneurons to integrate and process incoming sensory info and transmit info to a motor neuron

4) Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector

5) Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron

70
Q

Spinal reflex examples

A
  • Stretch reflex
  • Withdrawal reflex
71
Q

Stretch reflex

A
  • Monosynaptic arc
  • Stretch in muscle detected by stretch receptor called muscle spindle
  • Stimulus results in stretching of muscle, muscle reflexively contracts
72
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A
  • Polysynaptic arc
  • Painful stimulus causes transmission of sensory info to the spinal cord
  • Interneurons receive sensory info and stimulate motor neurons to flexors
  • Simultaneously, antagonistic extensor muscles are inhibited

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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