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ANATOMY > CH 18 > Flashcards

CH 18 Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system

1
Q

Autonomic nervous / Autonomic motor/ Visceral motor system (ANS)

A

Motor system which initiates and transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Includes processes regulated below the conscious level

Often reflexively responds to input from visceral sensory components like carbon dioxide concentration in blood or pressure by measuring stretch in smooth muscle of visceral walls

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2
Q

Two divisions of ANS

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • Sympathetic
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3
Q

The function of the ANS is to maintain _____________

A

homeostasis: constant stable internal environment

Thus the ANS regulates all physiological processes that keep us alive, including regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, sweating, digestion

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4
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Fight or flight

Maintains homeostasis during exercise or times of stress or emergency

Releases nutrients from stores

Increases HR, BP, respiratory rate, activity of sweat glands, inhibits digestion, inhibits defecation and urination reflexes, dilates pupils

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5
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Rest and digest

Conserves energy and replenishes nutrients from stores

Lowers HR, BP, respiratory rate; stimulates digestion, stimulates defecation and urination reflexes, constricts pupil

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Includes processes that are perceived or consciously controlled

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7
Q

Divisions of SNS

A
  • Somatic sensory
  • Somatic motor
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8
Q

Somatic sensory

A

Includes detection of stimuli and transmission of nerve impulses from special senses (vision, taste, hearing, equilibrium, smell) and proprioceptors (receptors in joints and muscles that detect body position)

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9
Q

Somatic motor

A

Involves initiation and transmission of nerve impulses from CNS to control skeletal muscles

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10
Q

Preganglionic nerve

A

First neuron in ANS pathway whose cell body lies in the brain or spinal cord

Have myelinated axons, small in diameter, always results in release in ACh to excite second neuron

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11
Q

The preganglionic nerve extends from the cell body and exits the CNS in either a spinal or cranial nerve.

The preganglionic nerve’s axon extends to a second cell body housed in an ______________ in the PNS

A

autonomic ganglion

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12
Q

Ganglionic neuron

A

Second neuron in ANS pathway

Cell body resides in autonomic ganglion

Have unmyelinated axons, even smaller diameter, releases either ACh or NE, which can excite or inhibit an effector

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13
Q

Postganglionic nerve

A

Neuron whose axon extends from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, gland)

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14
Q

The parasympathetic division in nicknamed __________ division

Why?

A

craniosacral

Because preganglionic neurons exit from brainstem and S2-S4 spinal cord segments

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15
Q

Ganglia for parasympathetic division

A
  • Terminal ganglia
  • Intramural ganglia
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16
Q

Terminal ganglia

A

Close to target organ/ effector

17
Q

Intramural ganglia

A

Located within wall of target organ/ effector

18
Q

Axons of preganglionic neurons travel with which cranial nerves? (Cranial nerves of parasympathetic division)

A
  • Oculomotor (CN III)
  • Facial (CN VII)
  • Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  • Vagus (CN X)
19
Q

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A

Parasympathetic neurons control intrinsic (smooth) muscle of eye

20
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Parasympathetic neurons control lacrimal gland and two major salivary glands

21
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

Parasympathetic neurons control one major salivary gland

22
Q

Vagus nerve (CN X)

A

Parasympathetic neurons control smooth muscle and glands of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities

23
Q

Sympathetic division is also termed __________ division because preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in ________ of gray matter between __________ of cord

A

thoracolumbar

lateral horns

T1-L2

24
Q

Ganglia for sympathetic division

A
  • Sympathetic trunk
  • Collateral/ prevertebral ganglia
  • Adrenal medulla
25
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk located?

A

Lateral to vertebral column, anterior to paired spinal nerves

26
Q

Sympathetic trunk / Paravertebral/ Chain ganglia

A

Houses sympathetic ganglionic nerve bodies

27
Q

Collateral/ prevertebral ganglia

A

Where sacral sympathetic nerves terminate

Named after because are immediately anterior to vertebral column of anterolateral wall of abdominal aorta

Typically clusters around origins of major abdominal arteries

28
Q

Types of collateral/ prevertebral ganglia

A
  • Celiac ganglion
  • Superior mesenteric ganglion
  • Inferior mesenteric ganglion
29
Q

Celiac ganglion

A

Postganglionic axons innervate stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, part of pancreas

T5-T9 nerves synapse on

30
Q

Superior mesenteric ganglion

A

Receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T10-T12

Postganglionic axons innervate distal half of duodenum, part of pancreas, remainders of small intestine, proximal part of large intestine, kidneys, proximal part of ureters

31
Q

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

A

Receive preganglionic axons from L1-L2

Postganglionic axons innervate distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder, distal parts of ureters, most reproductive organs

32
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic axons

33
Q

Neurosecretory cells in adrenal medulla secrete what?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

these prolong effects of sympathetic stimulation of adrenal medulla

34
Q

Rami communicantes

A

Connect sympathetic trunk to each spinal nerve

35
Q

White rami communicantes/ white rami

A

Composed of myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons of T1-L2 spinal nerves

36
Q

Gray communicantes/ gray rami

A

Composed of unmyelinated postganglionic axons from sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves

37
Q

All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) secrete ___________

A

ACh

38
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete _____

A

ACh

39
Q

Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ___________

A

NE norepinephrine

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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